Endocrine - Hormones Flashcards
1
Q
What hormones are produced in the Hypothalamus?
A
TRH
Dopamine
CRH
GnRH
GHRH
SS
2
Q
What hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary?
A
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
FLAT PIG
3
Q
What hormones are produced in the Posterior Pituitary?
A
ADH
Oxytocin
4
Q
What hormones are produced in the Thyroid?
A
T3
T4
rT3
5
Q
What hormones are produced in the Parathyroid?
A
PTH
6
Q
What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Cortex?
A
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
7
Q
What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medulla?
A
Epi
NE
8
Q
What hormones are produced by the Pancreas?
A
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
9
Q
What hormones are produced by the Ovaries?
A
Estradiol
Progesterone
Inhibin
10
Q
What hormones are produced by the Testes?
A
Testosterone
Inhibin
11
Q
What hormones are produced by the Liver?
A
IGF-1
12
Q
What is the function of TRH?
A
Stimulates release of TSH from the anterior pituitary
13
Q
What stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus?
A
Cold
Stress
Exercise
14
Q
What inhibits the release of TRH from the hypothalamus?
A
↑T3 & T4
15
Q
What happens if you have too much TRH release?
A
Hyperthyroidism
16
Q
What occurs if there is not enough TRH release?
A
Hypothyroidism
17
Q
What is the function of Dopamine?
A
Inhibit GH release from the Anterior Pituitary
Inhibits prolactin release from the Anterior Pituitary
18
Q
What stimulates release of Somatostatin?
A
Nutrient Ingestion
ACh
Secretin
19
Q
What inhibits release of Somatostatin?
A
NE
20
Q
What occurs if there is too much Somatostatin?
A
Reduction in secretion of endocrine hormones
21
Q
What occurs if there is not enough Somatostatin?
A
Increases secretion of endocrine hormones
22
Q
What is the function of Somatostatin?
A
Inhibits ACTH, TSH, GH, Cortisol, and Insulin
23
Q
What is the function of CRH?
A
Stimulate secretion of ACTH and POMC
24
Q
What stimulates the release of CRH?
A
Stress
Low blood cortisol
Hypoglycemia
25
What **inhibits** the release of **CRH**?
Glucocortioids (negative feedback of cortisol)
26
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **CRH**?
Increased cortisol production
Immune suppression
Mood dysfunction
Insomnia
27
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **CRH** release?
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's Disease) - adrenal glands are damaged or destroryed
Problem with pituitary or hypothalamus
28
What is the function of **GHRH**?
Stimulate release of GH
29
What **stimulates** release of **GHRH**?
Hypoglycemia
SNS stimulation
Stress
Exercise
30
What **inhibits** release of **GHRH**?
Somatostatin
31
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **GHRH** release?
Acromegaly
32
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **GHRH** release?
Short Stature
Dwarfism
33
What is the function of **GnRH**?
Stimulate release of FSH and LH
34
What **stimulates** release of **GnRH**?
ACh
Dopamine
Estrogen
Testosterone
35
What **inhibits** the release of **GnRH**?
Prolactin
High estrogen and testosterone
36
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **GnRH** released?
↑Risk of pituitary adenoma
Excessive LH and FSH secretion
Infertility
37
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **GnRH** released?
Failed/delayed puberty
Infertility
↓LH and FSH secretion
ED
38
What is the function of **FSH**?
Stimulates hormone release from gonads
Stimulates follicular development and spermatogenesis
39
What **stimulates** release of **FSH**?
GnRH
40
What **inhibits** release of **FSH**?
Estrogen
Inhibin
41
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **FSH**?
Infertility
Irregular periods
early/delayed puberty
42
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **FSH** release?
Poor ovarian function
Infertility
loss of bone density
43
What is the function of **LH**?
Stimulates hormone release from gonads
Stimulates ovulation
44
What **stimulates** release of **LH**?
GnRH
45
What **inhibits** release of **LH**?
Estrogen and testosterone negative feedback
inhibin
46
What occurs if there is **too much** release of **LH**?
Delayed puberty
Infertility
47
What occurs if there is **not enough** release of **LH**?
Infertility
Irregular periods
early/delayed puberty
48
What is the function of **ACTH**?
Stimulates adrenal cortex hormone release
synthesis of cortiso,l adrenal androgens, and slightly aldosterone
49
What **stimulates** release of **ACTH**?
CRH
stress
↓Cortisol
Hyperglycemia
Sleep/wake cycle
ADH
50
What **inhibits** release of **ACTH**?
Somatostatin
Negative feedback from cortisol
51
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **ACTH**?
Cushing's Syndrome
↑Cortisol
Hyperpigmentation
52
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **ACTH**?
↓Secretion of Adrenal Hormones
Adrenal insufficiency - Addison's Disease
53
What is the function of **TSH**?
Synthesis of T3/T4
Major stimulator of Thyroid Hormone secretion
Growth and vascularity of thyroid gland
54
What **stimulates** release of **TSH**?
TRH
55
What **inhibits** release of **TSH**?
Somatostatin
56
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **TSH** release?
Hypothyroidism - under active thyroid - not enough thyroid hormone
Decrease Thyroid synthesis
57
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **TSH** release?
Hyperthyroidism - over active thyroid - too much thyroid hormone
58
What is the function of **Prolactin**?
Stimulate mammary gland
59
What **stimulates** release of **Prolactin**?
PRH
60
Wha **inhibits** release of **Prolactin**?
Dopamine
61
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Prolactin** release?
Menstrual issues
ED
Infertility
62
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Prolactin**?
Insufficient milk supply
63
What is the function of **GH**?
Promote secretion of IGF-1from Liver
Body growth
64
What **stimulates** release of **GH**?
GHRH
Hypoglycemia
65
What **inhibits** release of **GH**?
Somatostatin
66
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **GH**?
Before puberty: Tall Stature
After puberty: Acromegaly
67
What occurs if htere is **not** **enough** **GH** release?
Short stature
68
What is the function of **Oxytocin**?
Smooth muscle contraction
Uterine contraction for birth
Myoepithelial contraction for lactation
69
What **stimulates** release of **Oxytocin**?
Labor
Sexual Activity
Breast feeding
70
What **inhibits** release of **oxytocin**?
Relaxin
71
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Oxytocin**?
Uterine hypertrophy
Infertility
72
What occurs if there is not enough Oxytocin?
Decreased smooth muscle contraction
Difficult labor
Difficulty breastfeeding
73
What is the Function of **ADH**?
Water reabsorption in the kidney
Vasoconstriction
74
What **stimulates** release of **ADH**?
↑ Plasma Osmolarity
↓Circulating volume
75
What **inhibits** release of **ADH**?
↑Blood volume
↑BP
76
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **ADH** release?
Water retention
↓Blood [Na+]
77
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **ADH** release?
Dehydration
78
What is the function of **T3**?
Brain Maturation
BMR
Bone Growth
β-adrenergic effects
Suppress TRH and TSH
79
What **stimulates** release of **T3**?
TRH → TSH
80
What **inhibits** release of **T3**?
Excess iodine
Hypothyroidism
Stress
81
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **T3**?
↑HR
Insomnia
Hyperthyroidism
82
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **T3** release?
Hypothyroidism
83
What is the function of **T4**?
converted to T3 for Bone maturation, BMR, Bone growth, and β-adrenergic effects
84
What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
Regulate blood Ca2+ - stimulate release of Ca2+ fromm bones
Decrease phosphate absorption
Vitamin D Synthesis
85
What **stimulates** release of **PTH**?
Decreased Ca2+ levels
86
What **inhibits** release of **PTH**?
Increased Ca2+
87
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **PTH**?
Hypercalemia - High Blood Ca2+
88
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **PTH** release?
Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
89
What is the function of **Epinephrine**?
Smooth muscle vasoconstriction
↑BP
↑Glucagon
↑Insulin
↑Thyroid Hormone
↑Renin
90
What **stimulates** release of **Epinephrine**?
SNS
91
What **inhibits** the release of **Epinephrine**?
Hyperglycemia
Activation of PSNS
92
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Epinephrine** release?
Hypertension
Anxiety
Tremors
↑Risk of Heart Attack
93
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Epinephrine** release?
Hypotension
Anxiety
Depression
Fatigue
94
What is the function of **Norepinephrine**?
Regulate arousal, attention, and cognitive function
95
What **stimulates** release of **Norepinephrine**?
Dopamine
96
What **inhibits** release of **Norepinephrine**?
Adenosine
97
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Norepinephrine**?
Hypertension
↑HR
98
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Norepinephrine** release?
Lethargy
Depression
ADHD
99
What is the function of **Cortisol**?
Stimulate GNEO
↑Protein/Lipid Break down (Fat breakdown in adipose)
Anti-inflammatory
Suppress immune response
100
What **stimulates** release of **Cortisol**?
ACTH
101
What **inhibits** release of **Cortisol**?
Somatostatin
102
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Cortisol**?
Cushing's Syndrome
103
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Cortisol** release?
Addison's Disease
Adrenal insufficiency
104
What is the function of **Aldosterone**?
Renal reabsorption of Na+
Renal excretion of K+
Regulate mineral balance
105
What **stimulates** release of **Aldosterone**?
Angiotensin II
106
What **inhibits** release of **Aldosterone**?
RAAS - ↓low blood volume and pressure
↓K+
Dopamine
ADH
107
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Aldosterone**?
Hypertension
Retention of water and Na+
Hypokalemia
108
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Aldosterone**?
Hypotension
Addion's Disease
109
What is the function of **Insulin**?
Storage of nutrients
Inhibit breakdown of nutrients
Synthesis of proteins, CHO, lipids, and nucleic acids
Glucose utilization
Regulates GLUT4
| Uptake of glucose into liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
110
What **stimulates** release of **Insulin**?
Hyperglycemia
GLP-1 GIP (incretins)
111
What **inhibits** the release of **Insulin**?
Somatostatin
NE
Epi
112
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **insulin**?
Type 2 Diabetes
113
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **insulin** release?
Ketosis
Ketoacidosis
114
What is the function of **Glucagon**?
Glycogenolysis
GNEO
Lipolysis in Liver
Ketogenesis
115
What **stimulates** release of **Glucagon**?
Hypoglycemia
Cortisol, GH, Epi, NE, AA
116
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Glucagon**?
Diabetes
Hyperglycemia
117
What **inhibits** the release of **Glucagon**?
Hyperglycemia
Incretins
Insulin
Somatostatin
118
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Glucagon**?
Hypoglycemia
119
What is the function of **IGF-1**?
Stimulate adipose tissue, bone, and muscle
120
What **stimulates** the release of **IGF-1**?
GH
121
What **inhibits** release of **IGF-1**?
Negative feedback loop of GH
122
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **IGF-1**?
Acromegaly
123
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **IGF-1**?
Short
124
What is the function of **Testosterone**?
Masculine characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Regulate libido, bone mass, fat distribution, and muscle mass
125
What **stimulates** release of **Testosterone**?
LH
126
What **inhibits** release of **Testosterone**?
Glucocorticoids
Estrogen
Prolactin
127
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Testosterone**?
Infertility
ED
128
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Testosterone**?
ED
↓Bone mass
129
What is the function of **Estrogen**?
Regulate female reproductive system
130
What **stimulates** release of **Estrogen**?
FSH
131
What **inhibits** release of **Estrogen**?
Glucocorticoids
132
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **estrogen**?
Irregular menstruation
Weight gain
Fatigue
Fibroids
Infertility
ED
Cancer
133
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Estrogen**?
Delayed puberty
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Insomnia
Mood dysfunction
134
What is the function of **Progesterone**?
Maintenance of Pregnancy
Prepare uterus for implantation
135
What **stimulates** release of **Progesterone**?
FSH
LH
136
What **inhibits** release of **Progesterone**?
↓LH/FSH
↑Prolactin
PCOS
Lack of pregnancy
137
What occurs if there is **too** **much** **Progesterone**?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
138
What occurs if there is **not** **enough** **Progesterone**?
Infertility
Irregular menstruation
