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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine - Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are produced in the Hypothalamus?

A

TRH
Dopamine
CRH
GnRH
GHRH
SS

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2
Q

What hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary?

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

FLAT PIG

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3
Q

What hormones are produced in the Posterior Pituitary?

A

ADH
Oxytocin

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4
Q

What hormones are produced in the Thyroid?

A

T3
T4
rT3

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5
Q

What hormones are produced in the Parathyroid?

A

PTH

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6
Q

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens

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7
Q

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Medulla?

A

Epi
NE

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8
Q

What hormones are produced by the Pancreas?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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9
Q

What hormones are produced by the Ovaries?

A

Estradiol
Progesterone
Inhibin

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10
Q

What hormones are produced by the Testes?

A

Testosterone
Inhibin

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11
Q

What hormones are produced by the Liver?

A

IGF-1

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12
Q

What is the function of TRH?

A

Stimulates release of TSH from the anterior pituitary

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13
Q

What stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Cold
Stress
Exercise

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14
Q

What inhibits the release of TRH from the hypothalamus?

A

↑T3 & T4

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15
Q

What happens if you have too much TRH release?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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16
Q

What occurs if there is not enough TRH release?

A

Hypothyroidism

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17
Q

What is the function of Dopamine?

A

Inhibit GH release from the Anterior Pituitary
Inhibits prolactin release from the Anterior Pituitary

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18
Q

What stimulates release of Somatostatin?

A

Nutrient Ingestion
ACh
Secretin

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19
Q

What inhibits release of Somatostatin?

A

NE

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20
Q

What occurs if there is too much Somatostatin?

A

Reduction in secretion of endocrine hormones

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21
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Somatostatin?

A

Increases secretion of endocrine hormones

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22
Q

What is the function of Somatostatin?

A

Inhibits ACTH, TSH, GH, Cortisol, and Insulin

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23
Q

What is the function of CRH?

A

Stimulate secretion of ACTH and POMC

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24
Q

What stimulates the release of CRH?

A

Stress
Low blood cortisol
Hypoglycemia

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25
Q

What inhibits the release of CRH?

A

Glucocortioids (negative feedback of cortisol)

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26
Q

What occurs if there is too much CRH?

A

Increased cortisol production
Immune suppression
Mood dysfunction
Insomnia

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27
Q

What occurs if there is not enough CRH release?

A

Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease) - adrenal glands are damaged or destroryed
Problem with pituitary or hypothalamus

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28
Q

What is the function of GHRH?

A

Stimulate release of GH

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29
Q

What stimulates release of GHRH?

A

Hypoglycemia
SNS stimulation
Stress
Exercise

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30
Q

What inhibits release of GHRH?

A

Somatostatin

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31
Q

What occurs if there is too much GHRH release?

A

Acromegaly

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32
Q

What occurs if there is not enough GHRH release?

A

Short Stature
Dwarfism

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33
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

Stimulate release of FSH and LH

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34
Q

What stimulates release of GnRH?

A

ACh
Dopamine
Estrogen
Testosterone

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35
Q

What inhibits the release of GnRH?

A

Prolactin
High estrogen and testosterone

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36
Q

What occurs if there is too much GnRH released?

A

↑Risk of pituitary adenoma
Excessive LH and FSH secretion
Infertility

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37
Q

What occurs if there is not enough GnRH released?

A

Failed/delayed puberty
Infertility
↓LH and FSH secretion
ED

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38
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stimulates hormone release from gonads
Stimulates follicular development and spermatogenesis

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39
Q

What stimulates release of FSH?

A

GnRH

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40
Q

What inhibits release of FSH?

A

Estrogen
Inhibin

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41
Q

What occurs if there is too much FSH?

A

Infertility
Irregular periods
early/delayed puberty

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42
Q

What occurs if there is not enough FSH release?

A

Poor ovarian function
Infertility
loss of bone density

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43
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Stimulates hormone release from gonads
Stimulates ovulation

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44
Q

What stimulates release of LH?

A

GnRH

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45
Q

What inhibits release of LH?

A

Estrogen and testosterone negative feedback
inhibin

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46
Q

What occurs if there is too much release of LH?

A

Delayed puberty
Infertility

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47
Q

What occurs if there is not enough release of LH?

A

Infertility
Irregular periods
early/delayed puberty

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48
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex hormone release
synthesis of cortiso,l adrenal androgens, and slightly aldosterone

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49
Q

What stimulates release of ACTH?

A

CRH
stress
↓Cortisol
Hyperglycemia
Sleep/wake cycle
ADH

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50
Q

What inhibits release of ACTH?

A

Somatostatin
Negative feedback from cortisol

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51
Q

What occurs if there is too much ACTH?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome
↑Cortisol
Hyperpigmentation

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52
Q

What occurs if there is not enough ACTH?

A

↓Secretion of Adrenal Hormones
Adrenal insufficiency - Addison’s Disease

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53
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A

Synthesis of T3/T4
Major stimulator of Thyroid Hormone secretion
Growth and vascularity of thyroid gland

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54
Q

What stimulates release of TSH?

A

TRH

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55
Q

What inhibits release of TSH?

A

Somatostatin

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56
Q

What occurs if there is too much TSH release?

A

Hypothyroidism - under active thyroid - not enough thyroid hormone
Decrease Thyroid synthesis

57
Q

What occurs if there is not enough TSH release?

A

Hyperthyroidism - over active thyroid - too much thyroid hormone

58
Q

What is the function of Prolactin?

A

Stimulate mammary gland

59
Q

What stimulates release of Prolactin?

60
Q

Wha inhibits release of Prolactin?

61
Q

What occurs if there is too much Prolactin release?

A

Menstrual issues
ED
Infertility

62
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Prolactin?

A

Insufficient milk supply

63
Q

What is the function of GH?

A

Promote secretion of IGF-1from Liver
Body growth

64
Q

What stimulates release of GH?

A

GHRH
Hypoglycemia

65
Q

What inhibits release of GH?

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

What occurs if there is too much GH?

A

Before puberty: Tall Stature
After puberty: Acromegaly

67
Q

What occurs if htere is not enough GH release?

A

Short stature

68
Q

What is the function of Oxytocin?

A

Smooth muscle contraction
Uterine contraction for birth
Myoepithelial contraction for lactation

69
Q

What stimulates release of Oxytocin?

A

Labor
Sexual Activity
Breast feeding

70
Q

What inhibits release of oxytocin?

71
Q

What occurs if there is too much Oxytocin?

A

Uterine hypertrophy
Infertility

72
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Oxytocin?

A

Decreased smooth muscle contraction
Difficult labor
Difficulty breastfeeding

73
Q

What is the Function of ADH?

A

Water reabsorption in the kidney
Vasoconstriction

74
Q

What stimulates release of ADH?

A

↑ Plasma Osmolarity
↓Circulating volume

75
Q

What inhibits release of ADH?

A

↑Blood volume
↑BP

76
Q

What occurs if there is too much ADH release?

A

Water retention
↓Blood [Na+]

77
Q

What occurs if there is not enough ADH release?

A

Dehydration

78
Q

What is the function of T3?

A

Brain Maturation
BMR
Bone Growth
β-adrenergic effects
Suppress TRH and TSH

79
Q

What stimulates release of T3?

A

TRH → TSH

80
Q

What inhibits release of T3?

A

Excess iodine
Hypothyroidism
Stress

81
Q

What occurs if there is too much T3?

A

↑HR
Insomnia
Hyperthyroidism

82
Q

What occurs if there is not enough T3 release?

A

Hypothyroidism

83
Q

What is the function of T4?

A

converted to T3 for Bone maturation, BMR, Bone growth, and β-adrenergic effects

84
Q

What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

A

Regulate blood Ca2+ - stimulate release of Ca2+ fromm bones
Decrease phosphate absorption
Vitamin D Synthesis

85
Q

What stimulates release of PTH?

A

Decreased Ca2+ levels

86
Q

What inhibits release of PTH?

A

Increased Ca2+

87
Q

What occurs if there is too much PTH?

A

Hypercalemia - High Blood Ca2+

88
Q

What occurs if there is not enough PTH release?

A

Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia

89
Q

What is the function of Epinephrine?

A

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction
↑BP
↑Glucagon
↑Insulin
↑Thyroid Hormone
↑Renin

90
Q

What stimulates release of Epinephrine?

91
Q

What inhibits the release of Epinephrine?

A

Hyperglycemia
Activation of PSNS

92
Q

What occurs if there is too much Epinephrine release?

A

Hypertension
Anxiety
Tremors
↑Risk of Heart Attack

93
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Epinephrine release?

A

Hypotension
Anxiety
Depression
Fatigue

94
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

A

Regulate arousal, attention, and cognitive function

95
Q

What stimulates release of Norepinephrine?

96
Q

What inhibits release of Norepinephrine?

97
Q

What occurs if there is too much Norepinephrine?

A

Hypertension
↑HR

98
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Norepinephrine release?

A

Lethargy
Depression
ADHD

99
Q

What is the function of Cortisol?

A

Stimulate GNEO
↑Protein/Lipid Break down (Fat breakdown in adipose)
Anti-inflammatory
Suppress immune response

100
Q

What stimulates release of Cortisol?

101
Q

What inhibits release of Cortisol?

A

Somatostatin

102
Q

What occurs if there is too much Cortisol?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

103
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Cortisol release?

A

Addison’s Disease
Adrenal insufficiency

104
Q

What is the function of Aldosterone?

A

Renal reabsorption of Na+
Renal excretion of K+
Regulate mineral balance

105
Q

What stimulates release of Aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin II

106
Q

What inhibits release of Aldosterone?

A

RAAS - ↓low blood volume and pressure
↓K+
Dopamine
ADH

107
Q

What occurs if there is too much Aldosterone?

A

Hypertension
Retention of water and Na+
Hypokalemia

108
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Aldosterone?

A

Hypotension
Addion’s Disease

109
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A

Storage of nutrients
Inhibit breakdown of nutrients
Synthesis of proteins, CHO, lipids, and nucleic acids
Glucose utilization
Regulates GLUT4

Uptake of glucose into liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

110
Q

What stimulates release of Insulin?

A

Hyperglycemia
GLP-1 GIP (incretins)

111
Q

What inhibits the release of Insulin?

A

Somatostatin
NE
Epi

112
Q

What occurs if there is too much insulin?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

113
Q

What occurs if there is not enough insulin release?

A

Ketosis
Ketoacidosis

114
Q

What is the function of Glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis
GNEO
Lipolysis in Liver
Ketogenesis

115
Q

What stimulates release of Glucagon?

A

Hypoglycemia
Cortisol, GH, Epi, NE, AA

116
Q

What occurs if there is too much Glucagon?

A

Diabetes
Hyperglycemia

117
Q

What inhibits the release of Glucagon?

A

Hyperglycemia
Incretins
Insulin
Somatostatin

118
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Glucagon?

A

Hypoglycemia

119
Q

What is the function of IGF-1?

A

Stimulate adipose tissue, bone, and muscle

120
Q

What stimulates the release of IGF-1?

121
Q

What inhibits release of IGF-1?

A

Negative feedback loop of GH

122
Q

What occurs if there is too much IGF-1?

A

Acromegaly

123
Q

What occurs if there is not enough IGF-1?

124
Q

What is the function of Testosterone?

A

Masculine characteristics
Spermatogenesis
Regulate libido, bone mass, fat distribution, and muscle mass

125
Q

What stimulates release of Testosterone?

126
Q

What inhibits release of Testosterone?

A

Glucocorticoids
Estrogen
Prolactin

127
Q

What occurs if there is too much Testosterone?

A

Infertility
ED

128
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Testosterone?

A

ED
↓Bone mass

129
Q

What is the function of Estrogen?

A

Regulate female reproductive system

130
Q

What stimulates release of Estrogen?

131
Q

What inhibits release of Estrogen?

A

Glucocorticoids

132
Q

What occurs if there is too much estrogen?

A

Irregular menstruation
Weight gain
Fatigue
Fibroids
Infertility
ED
Cancer

133
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Estrogen?

A

Delayed puberty
Infertility
Osteoporosis
Insomnia
Mood dysfunction

134
Q

What is the function of Progesterone?

A

Maintenance of Pregnancy
Prepare uterus for implantation

135
Q

What stimulates release of Progesterone?

136
Q

What inhibits release of Progesterone?

A

↓LH/FSH
↑Prolactin
PCOS
Lack of pregnancy

137
Q

What occurs if there is too much Progesterone?

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

138
Q

What occurs if there is not enough Progesterone?

A

Infertility
Irregular menstruation

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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