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2023 Systems Phys > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS can be broken down into…

A

Afferent and Efferent Division

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2
Q

Define: Afferent Division of CNS

A

Brings info from internal and external environment to CNS away from PNS

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3
Q

The Afferent Division of the autonomic nervous system can be broken into…

A

Sensory Stimuli
Visceral Stimuli

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4
Q

Define: Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerve fibers that run between PNS and CNS

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5
Q

Define: Efferent Division

A

Takes info from CNS to muscles and glands

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6
Q

The Efferent Division can be broken into…

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

Somatic Nervous System has ___ control

A

voluntary

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous system has ___ control

A

involuntary

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9
Q

The somatic nervous system is made up of…

A

Motor Neurons

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10
Q

The autonomic nervous sytem is made up of…

A

Sympathtic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

Which system effects skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic Nervous System

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12
Q

Which system effects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

Which system is “Fight or Flight”?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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14
Q

Which system is “Rest and Digest”

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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15
Q

Define: Mechanoreceptors

A

stretch, sound waves

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16
Q

Define: Osmoreceptors

A

Solute concentration

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17
Q

Define: Chemoreceptors

A

Specific chemicals (smell, taste, O2, CO2, glc, aa, fats)

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18
Q

How does the CNS control mucles and glands?

A

Efferent Division

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19
Q

How many different neurotransmitters are released from efferent nerves to influence all neurally controlled effector responses?

A

2
ACh, NE

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20
Q

Control: Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary from cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Control: Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary from hypothalamus

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22
Q

Motor Neuron Pathway: Somatic Nervous System

A

1-neuron
CNS to Effector

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23
Q

Motor Neuron Pathway: Autonomic Nervous System

A

Usually 2-neurons
pre: CNS to ganglion
post: ganglion to effector

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter: Somatic Nervous System

A

ACh

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25
Q

Neurotransmitter: Autonomic Nervous System

A

All pre: ACh
Parasympathetic post: ACh
Most sympathetic post: NE
Chromaffin (adrenal medulla): NE & EPI

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26
Q

Target: Somatic Nervous System

A

Skeletal Muscle

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27
Q

Target: Autonomic Nervous System

A

Smooth/Cardiac muscle
glands

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28
Q

Response: Somatic Nervous System

A

Contraction

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29
Q

Response: Autonomic Nervous System

A

Contract/relax smooth muscle
Inc/Dec rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle
Inc/Dec secretion of glands

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30
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Spinal cord -> Somatic Motor Neuron (Myelinated) -> ACh, Effector: Skeletal Muscle

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31
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic preganglionic neuron (myelinated)

A

Spinal cord -> sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, autonomic ganglion -> Sympathetic postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated) -> NE, Effectors: glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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32
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic

A

Spinal cord -> parasympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, autonomic ganglion -> parasympathetic postganglionic neuron -> ACh, Effectors: glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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33
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenal Medulla

A

Spinal cord -> sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, adrenal medulla -> releases neurotransmitters: Epinephrine, NE

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34
Q

What is the structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Shorter preganglionic nerurons
Long postganglionic neurons extend across body

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35
Q

What is the structure of the shorter preganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic nervous system?

A

Originate from thoracolumbar region of SC T1 - L2
Travel to a ganglion
synaose with a postganglionic neuron

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36
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: Preganglionic Fiber neurotransmitters

A

ACh

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37
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: Postganglionic Fiber neurotransmitters

A

NE

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38
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: Adrenal Medulla Neurotransmitter

A

EPI
NE

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39
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or Flight

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40
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: What does mass activation do?

A

Prepares for intense activity: HR increases, Bronchodilation, Blood glucose inreases

41
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: What happens to GI motility?

42
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: What happens to Sphincters?

A

Contract
Don’t want to lose nutrients

43
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: Relaxes…

A

Detrusor muscle (bladder stores urine)
Ciliary Muscle (increases focal distance)

44
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System: Eye

A

Mydriasis
dilation of pupil
Oh My Dry Eyes

45
Q

What is the structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

Longer Preganglionic Neurons
Shorter Postganglionic neurons extend to effector

46
Q

What is the structure of the longer preganglionic neurons in the Parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Originate from craniosacral region
travel to ganglion
synapse with a postganglionic neuron

47
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters

48
Q

How is the Parasympathetic Nervous System activated?

A

Parasymathetic. nerves are stimulated (activated) individually, not as a whole

49
Q

What relaxing effects does the Parasympathetic Nervous System cause?

A

Decreases HR
Dilates visceral blood vessels (GI)
Increases digestive activity

50
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to bronchi?

A

causes bronchoconstriction

51
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System: What happens to GI motility?

52
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System: What happens to Sphincters?

53
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System: Eye

A

Miosis
pupil contraction

54
Q

What is the major preganglonic nerve in the parasymapthetic nervous system?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

55
Q

Most visceral organs are innervated by….

A

Both
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers

56
Q

What are the effects of dual innervationsof organs?

A

Antagonistic
Complementary
Cooperative

57
Q

Define: Antagonistic Dual Innervation

A

actions of the SNS and PSNS counteract each other
can work on same or different cells

58
Q

What is an example of antagonistic dual innervation on the same cells?

A

Heart Rate

59
Q

What is an example of antagonistic dual innervation on different cells?

A

Pupil dilation or contraction

60
Q

Define: Complementary Dual Innervation

A

Actions produce similar effects

61
Q

What is an example of completemtary dual innervation?

A

salivary gland secretion

62
Q

Define: Cooperative Dual Innervation

A

actions produce different effects that work together to produce desired effect

63
Q

What is an example of cooperative dual innervation?

A

Sexual function in males
point and shoot

64
Q

What part of male sexual function does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

65
Q

What part of male sexual function does the sympathetic nervous system control?

A

ejaculation

66
Q

How does dual innervation in organs work?

A

usually both systems are partially active, but one can dominate

67
Q

How is regulaiton of dual innervation achieved?

A

by increasing or decreasing firing rate

68
Q

What is the goal of dual innervation when the PSNS dominates?

A

general housekeeping

69
Q

What is the goal when the SNS dominates?

A

increase flow of oxygenated nutrient rich blood to skeletal muscles

70
Q

What happens when the PSNS and SNS are balanced?

A

organ is “Alert”

71
Q

What is the advantage of Dual innervation?

A

precise control over organ’s activity

72
Q

Define: Parasympathetic Tone

A

Parasympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation

73
Q

Define: Sympathetic Tone

A

Sympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation

74
Q

Innervated blood vessels are predominatly innervated by….

A

sympathetic nervous system

75
Q

Define: Sympathetic Vasomotor Tone

A

a base firing frequency of sympathetics

76
Q

Blood Vessels: Patial constriction

A

helps detect BP

77
Q

Blood Vessels: Inreased firing of SNS

A

vasoconstriction

78
Q

Blood Vessels: Decreases firing of SNS

A

Vasodilation

79
Q

What are the only blood vessels that receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

A

Penis
Clitoris
GI

80
Q

Which system are sweat glands innervated by?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

81
Q

In sweat glands, postganglionic fibers release…

82
Q

Which system is the Adrenal Medulla innervated by?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

83
Q

Where do neurons in the adrenal medulla synapse?

A

directly on adrenal gland

84
Q

What happens after neurons synapse directly on the adrenal gland?

A

release ACh
activate nicotinic receptors
adrenal glands release EPI into systemic circulation

85
Q

Which system innervates arrector pili muscles (muscles attached to hair follicles)?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

86
Q

Which autonomic NT receptor is faster?

87
Q

Define: Muscarinic Receptor (mAChR)

A

Autonomic NT receptor
Binds GTP
Slower

88
Q

What happens to ACh after it is released by the SNS or PSNS?

A

ACh binds cholinergic receptor
cholinergic receptor binds muscarinic or nicotinic receptor

89
Q

Define: Metabotropic Receptors

A

G Protein-Coupled Receptor
slower
a lot of metabolic steps
bind GTP
muscarinic receptor

90
Q

Define: Ionotropic Receptor

A

Ligand-gated ion channel
Faster
nicotinic

91
Q

Sympathetic innervation of adrenal medulla

A

preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> nicotinic receptor on adrenal medulla -> EPI released into blood (neuroeffector transmitter) -> adrenergic receptoron effector organs

92
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Pathway

A

preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> ganglion -> nicotinic receptor on ganglion -> postganglionic neurons -> Norepinephrine -> Adrenergic receptor on effector organs

93
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System pathway

A

preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> ganglion -> nicotinic receptor on ganglion -> postganglionic neurons -> ACh -> Muscainic receptor on effector organs

94
Q

What are the five major cross-membrane signaling mechanisms?

A
  1. Transmembrane diffusion
  2. Transmembrane enzyme receptors
  3. Transmembrane receptors
  4. Transmembrane channels
  5. G Protein-coupled receptors
95
Q

How can receptors be manipulated?

96
Q

Drugs that enhance or mimic the receptor

97
Q

Drugs that block the receptor

A

Antagonist

98
Q

What does atropine do?

A

it blocks the PSNS by blocking the effects of ACh on M receptors but doesnt effect N receptors or the SNS

99
Q

What is Atropine used for?

A

to suppress salivary and bronchial secretions before surgery

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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