Autonomics Flashcards
1
Q
The CNS can be broken down into…
A
Afferent and Efferent Division
2
Q
Define: Afferent Division of CNS
A
Brings info from internal and external environment to CNS away from PNS
3
Q
The Afferent Division of the autonomic nervous system can be broken into…
A
Sensory Stimuli
Visceral Stimuli
4
Q
Define: Peripheral Nervous System
A
Nerve fibers that run between PNS and CNS
5
Q
Define: Efferent Division
A
Takes info from CNS to muscles and glands
6
Q
The Efferent Division can be broken into…
A
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
7
Q
Somatic Nervous System has ___ control
A
voluntary
8
Q
Autonomic Nervous system has ___ control
A
involuntary
9
Q
The somatic nervous system is made up of…
A
Motor Neurons
10
Q
The autonomic nervous sytem is made up of…
A
Sympathtic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
11
Q
Which system effects skeletal muscle?
A
Somatic Nervous System
12
Q
Which system effects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands?
A
Autonomic Nervous System
13
Q
Which system is “Fight or Flight”?
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
14
Q
Which system is “Rest and Digest”
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
15
Q
Define: Mechanoreceptors
A
stretch, sound waves
16
Q
Define: Osmoreceptors
A
Solute concentration
17
Q
Define: Chemoreceptors
A
Specific chemicals (smell, taste, O2, CO2, glc, aa, fats)
18
Q
How does the CNS control mucles and glands?
A
Efferent Division
19
Q
How many different neurotransmitters are released from efferent nerves to influence all neurally controlled effector responses?
A
2
ACh, NE
20
Q
Control: Somatic Nervous System
A
Voluntary from cerebral cortex
21
Q
Control: Autonomic Nervous System
A
Involuntary from hypothalamus
22
Q
Motor Neuron Pathway: Somatic Nervous System
A
1-neuron
CNS to Effector
23
Q
Motor Neuron Pathway: Autonomic Nervous System
A
Usually 2-neurons
pre: CNS to ganglion
post: ganglion to effector
24
Q
Neurotransmitter: Somatic Nervous System
A
ACh
25
Neurotransmitter: Autonomic Nervous System
All pre: ACh
Parasympathetic post: ACh
Most sympathetic post: NE
Chromaffin (adrenal medulla): NE & EPI
26
Target: Somatic Nervous System
Skeletal Muscle
27
Target: Autonomic Nervous System
Smooth/Cardiac muscle
glands
28
Response: Somatic Nervous System
Contraction
29
Response: Autonomic Nervous System
Contract/relax smooth muscle
Inc/Dec rate and force of contraction of cardiac muscle
Inc/Dec secretion of glands
30
Somatic Nervous System
Spinal cord -> Somatic Motor Neuron (Myelinated) -> ACh, Effector: Skeletal Muscle
31
Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic preganglionic neuron (myelinated)
Spinal cord -> sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, autonomic ganglion -> Sympathetic postganglionic neuron (unmyelinated) -> NE, Effectors: glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
32
Autonomic Nervous System: Parasympathetic
Spinal cord -> parasympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, autonomic ganglion -> parasympathetic postganglionic neuron -> ACh, Effectors: glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
33
Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenal Medulla
Spinal cord -> sympathetic preganglionic neuron -> ACh, adrenal medulla -> releases neurotransmitters: Epinephrine, NE
34
What is the structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Shorter preganglionic nerurons
Long postganglionic neurons extend across body
35
What is the structure of the shorter preganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic nervous system?
Originate from thoracolumbar region of SC T1 - L2
Travel to a ganglion
synaose with a postganglionic neuron
36
Sympathetic Nervous System: Preganglionic Fiber neurotransmitters
ACh
37
Sympathetic Nervous System: Postganglionic Fiber neurotransmitters
NE
38
Sympathetic Nervous System: Adrenal Medulla Neurotransmitter
EPI
NE
39
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or Flight
40
Sympathetic Nervous System: What does mass activation do?
Prepares for intense activity: HR increases, Bronchodilation, Blood glucose inreases
41
Sympathetic Nervous System: What happens to GI motility?
decreases
42
Sympathetic Nervous System: What happens to Sphincters?
Contract
Don't want to lose nutrients
43
Sympathetic Nervous System: Relaxes...
Detrusor muscle (bladder stores urine)
Ciliary Muscle (increases focal distance)
44
Sympathetic Nervous System: Eye
Mydriasis
dilation of pupil
Oh My Dry Eyes
45
What is the structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Longer Preganglionic Neurons
Shorter Postganglionic neurons extend to effector
46
What is the structure of the longer preganglionic neurons in the Parasympathetic nervous system?
Originate from craniosacral region
travel to ganglion
synapse with a postganglionic neuron
47
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters
ACh
48
How is the Parasympathetic Nervous System activated?
Parasymathetic. nerves are stimulated (activated) individually, not as a whole
49
What relaxing effects does the Parasympathetic Nervous System cause?
Decreases HR
Dilates visceral blood vessels (GI)
Increases digestive activity
50
What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to bronchi?
causes bronchoconstriction
51
Parasympathetic Nervous System: What happens to GI motility?
Increases
52
Parasympathetic Nervous System: What happens to Sphincters?
relax
53
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Eye
Miosis
pupil contraction
54
What is the major preganglonic nerve in the parasymapthetic nervous system?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
55
Most visceral organs are innervated by....
Both
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers
56
What are the effects of dual innervationsof organs?
Antagonistic
Complementary
Cooperative
57
Define: Antagonistic Dual Innervation
actions of the SNS and PSNS counteract each other
can work on same or different cells
58
What is an example of antagonistic dual innervation on the same cells?
Heart Rate
59
What is an example of antagonistic dual innervation on different cells?
Pupil dilation or contraction
60
Define: Complementary Dual Innervation
Actions produce similar effects
61
What is an example of completemtary dual innervation?
salivary gland secretion
62
Define: Cooperative Dual Innervation
actions produce different effects that work together to produce desired effect
63
What is an example of cooperative dual innervation?
Sexual function in males
point and shoot
64
What part of male sexual function does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
erection
65
What part of male sexual function does the sympathetic nervous system control?
ejaculation
66
How does dual innervation in organs work?
usually both systems are partially active, but one can dominate
67
How is regulaiton of dual innervation achieved?
by increasing or decreasing firing rate
68
What is the goal of dual innervation when the PSNS dominates?
general housekeeping
69
What is the goal when the SNS dominates?
increase flow of oxygenated nutrient rich blood to skeletal muscles
70
What happens when the PSNS and SNS are balanced?
organ is "Alert"
71
What is the advantage of Dual innervation?
precise control over organ's activity
72
Define: Parasympathetic Tone
Parasympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation
73
Define: Sympathetic Tone
Sympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation
74
Innervated blood vessels are predominatly innervated by....
sympathetic nervous system
75
Define: Sympathetic Vasomotor Tone
a base firing frequency of sympathetics
76
Blood Vessels: Patial constriction
helps detect BP
77
Blood Vessels: Inreased firing of SNS
vasoconstriction
78
Blood Vessels: Decreases firing of SNS
Vasodilation
79
What are the only blood vessels that receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?
Penis
Clitoris
GI
80
Which system are sweat glands innervated by?
Sympathetic Nervous System
81
In sweat glands, postganglionic fibers release...
ACh
82
Which system is the Adrenal Medulla innervated by?
Sympathetic Nervous System
83
Where do neurons in the adrenal medulla synapse?
directly on adrenal gland
84
What happens after neurons synapse directly on the adrenal gland?
release ACh
activate nicotinic receptors
adrenal glands release EPI into systemic circulation
85
Which system innervates arrector pili muscles (muscles attached to hair follicles)?
Sympathetic Nervous System
86
Which autonomic NT receptor is faster?
nicotinic
87
Define: Muscarinic Receptor (mAChR)
Autonomic NT receptor
Binds GTP
Slower
88
What happens to ACh after it is released by the SNS or PSNS?
ACh binds cholinergic receptor
cholinergic receptor binds muscarinic or nicotinic receptor
89
Define: Metabotropic Receptors
G Protein-Coupled Receptor
slower
a lot of metabolic steps
bind GTP
muscarinic receptor
90
Define: Ionotropic Receptor
Ligand-gated ion channel
Faster
nicotinic
91
Sympathetic innervation of adrenal medulla
preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> nicotinic receptor on adrenal medulla -> EPI released into blood (neuroeffector transmitter) -> adrenergic receptoron effector organs
92
Sympathetic Nervous System Pathway
preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> ganglion -> nicotinic receptor on ganglion -> postganglionic neurons -> Norepinephrine -> Adrenergic receptor on effector organs
93
Parasympathetic Nervous System pathway
preganglionic neuron -> ACh (ganglionic transmitter) -> ganglion -> nicotinic receptor on ganglion -> postganglionic neurons -> ACh -> Muscainic receptor on effector organs
94
What are the five major cross-membrane signaling mechanisms?
1. Transmembrane diffusion
2. Transmembrane enzyme receptors
3. Transmembrane receptors
4. Transmembrane channels
5. G Protein-coupled receptors
95
How can receptors be manipulated?
by drugs
96
Drugs that enhance or mimic the receptor
Agonist
97
Drugs that block the receptor
Antagonist
98
What does atropine do?
it blocks the PSNS by blocking the effects of ACh on M receptors but doesnt effect N receptors or the SNS
99
What is Atropine used for?
to suppress salivary and bronchial secretions before surgery
