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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Reproduction Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine - Reproduction Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What pathway does sperm follow?

A

Seminiferous tubule
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis

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2
Q

What accessory glands produce seminal fluid?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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3
Q

Semen is made up of…

A

Sperm + Seminal Fluid

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4
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Cells within the prostate gland proliferate making it larger.

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5
Q

Why do you think that difficulty initiating urination, slow urine flow, and feeling like the bladder is not emptied, are symptoms of BPH?

A

The enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra decreasing urine flow and making it hard to initiate or continue peeing.

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6
Q

Identify the following structures:

A
  1. Penis
  2. Urethra
  3. Epididymis
  4. Testicle
  5. Prostate
  6. Seminal Vesicle
  7. Colon
  8. Bladder
  9. Vas deferens
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7
Q

Sperm are produced in the _ and mature in the _.

A

Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and mature in the epididymis.

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8
Q

Testis Anatomy: Clinical Correlate

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility: What is it?

A

Collect sperm from seminiferous tubules or epididymis
Incubate with egg

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9
Q

The seminiferous tubule contains what important structures/cells for sperm production?

A

Sertoli Cell
Capillaries
Leydig Cells (Interstitial Cells)

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10
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A

They secrete proteins to support sperm production
Stimulated by testosterone
Help mature sperm cells
FSH receptors → produce ABG

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11
Q

Mature sperm are found…

A

Close to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

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12
Q

Young sperm are found…

A

In the basal lamina (Blood testis barrier)

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13
Q

Sertoli cells have _ receptors and produce _.

A

Sertoli cells have FSH receptors and produce ABG.

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14
Q

Leydig cells have _ receptors and produce _ when stimulated.

A

Leydig cells have LH receptors and produce Testosterone when stimulated.

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15
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the seminiferous tubule?

A

Pick up testerone to ship around the body through circulatory system

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16
Q

What physiological processees must occur in the male for fertilization to occur?

A

Erection and Ejaculation

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17
Q

What is the pathway for the erectile reflex?

A

Stimuli: Tactile stimulus, Erotic stimuli, Thoughts about sex

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18
Q

Erection Mechanism

Flacid

What happens to the corpus cavernosa?

A

No blood to cavernous spaces

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19
Q

Erection Mechanism

Erect

What happens to the corpus cavernosa?

A

Vasodilation and increased blood flow into cavernous spaces

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20
Q

Erection mechanism

What is it?

A

The corpus cavernosa accommodates arterial blood
Vasodilation
Increased blood flow into cavernous spaces
Increased arterial blood flow compresses veins
Blood can’t leave via veins and is “trapped” in penis

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21
Q

What is the celluar mechanism for erection?

A

Sexual stmulation causes release od NO from cavernous nerves
NO activates Guanylyl cyclase (GC)
GC converts GTP to cGMP
cGMP causes relaxtion of arterial smooth muscle
Results in vasodilation and blood flow into the penis

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22
Q

How does Viagra work?

A

Viagra promotes erection
cGMP promotes vasodilation
cGMP is broken down to GMP by Type 5 phosphodiesterase

Viagra inhibits Type 5 phosphodiesterase from breaking cGMP to GMP to promote erection (↑cGMP)

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23
Q

Why do pregnant women frequently use the restroom?

A

Bladder sits underneath the uterus
As the fetus grows and uterus increases in size, the uterus and gravity compress the bladder

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24
Q

Identify the structurs in this image.

A
  1. Fallopian Tube
  2. Ovary
  3. Uterus
  4. Cervix
  5. Vagina
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25
What is the function of the Fallopian Tube?
Transport egg
26
What is the function of the Ovary?
Produce eggs
27
What is the function of the Uterus?
Development of fetus Normally pregnancy is maintained here
28
What is the function of the Cervix?
Junction between uterus and vagina Barrier to protect uterus and fetus
29
What is the function of the Vagina?
Receptical for penis Sperm deposited here
30
What are Follicles (F)?
They house developing oocytes (immature eggs)
31
What is the Corpus Luteum (CL)? | What does it do? How do they form?
Forms after ovulation and supports pregnancy?
32
What is the process of follicular development and ovaries?
1. Embryonic development generats primordial follicles (Mitotic division, frozen in meosis) 2. Primary follicles are present at birth (Frozen in primary stage until puberty) 3. During puberty, primary follicles are recruited and mature to secondary, tertiary, and dominant follicles (usually only one makes it here) 4. At ovulation, the oocyte breaks out the ovary and travels into the fallopian tubes 5. The remaining ruptured follicle will be converted into the corpus luteum
33
What is the function of the Corpus luteum?
Produces a lot of cholesterol → converts into other steroid hormones Regresses if not pregnant
34
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase - follicles are developing Ovulation Luteal phase - dominated by Corpus luteum
35
Preantral and antral (secondary, tertiary, and dominant) follicles contain _ and _ cells.
Preantral and antral (secondary, tertiary, and dominant) follicles contain **granulosa** and **theca** cells.
36
Theca cells | Where are they? What receptors do they have? What do they produce?
Outermost layer(s) of the follicle LH receptors Produce androgens
37
Granulosa Cells | Where are they? What receptors do they have? What do they produce?
Closest to the ovum FSH receptors Produce estrogens from androgens
38
What is the Basic Hypothalamic/Pituitary/Gonadal Axis?
Hypothalamus → secretes GnRH → stimulates Anterior Pituitary → secretes LH and FSH → stimulate Gonads (testes/ovaries) → secrete Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone → stimulates Target Tissues
39
Androgen actions | What do androgens do?
Promotes a male like phenotype
40
Estrogen actions
Brain - change behavior Heart and Liver - protect against cardiac diseases Breast - Breast development and mammary gland milk production Bone - Estrogen stops long bone growth development
41
Progesterone Actions | What does it do?
Primarily concerned with maintenance of a pregnancy Mainly: Prepares edometrium for implantation; Helps maintain and noursih the growing baby Menstruation and Pregnancy
42
Under the influence of LH and FSH, what gonadal cell types produces androgens and estrogens in males?
Sertoli - FSH - make sperm, ABP, inhibin Leydig - LH - make testosterone
43
Under the influence of LH and FSH, what gonadal cell types produces androgens and estrogens in females?
Theca - LH - make androgens Granulosa - FSH - make estrogens
44
What is the function of ABP?
Traps testosterone in the testis for sperm production
45
What is the function of inhibin?
Inhibits FSH but not LH
46
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menses Proliferative Phase Secretory Phase
47
Menstrual Cycle | What is the process?
Anterior Pituitary releases FSH and LH → Follicles begin to develop (due to Anterior Pituitary Hormones → estrogen slightly increases, sharp increase in LH and FSH → Ovulation → Secretory phase caused by ovarian hormones (progesterone and estrogen)
48
How do the Ovarian Cycle, and Uterine cycle relate?
**Ovarian**, Uterine **Follicular** **Phase** → Menses, Proliferative Phase **Ovulation** → End of proliferative Phase; transition from proliferative to secretory and follicular to luteal **Luteal** **Phase** → Secretory Phase
49
# Uterine Phases Menses | Define
Bleeding starts Endometrial lining is shed
50
# Uterine Cycle Proliferative Phase
Cells begin proliferating to regrow endometrial lining
51
# Uterine Cycle Secretory Phase
Lining begins to secrete mucus If pregnancy occurs creates a cervical plug to protect embryo Secretes factors to promote pregnancy
52
# Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Early to mid follicular phase
Low levels of estrogen exert negative feedback to GnRH, FSH, and LH Estrogen promotes more estrogen secretion by the follicle AMH prevents follicles from forming Positive feedback loop with ovary stimulates dominant follicle to secrete AMH and create negative feedback loop to reduce FSH/LH
53
# Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Late Follicular Phase and Ovulation
RIsing levels of estrogen plus increasing progesterone cause LH surge Inhibin from grnulosa cells supresses FSH
54
# Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Early to mid-luteal phase
Combines estrogenand progesterone shut off FSH and LH
55
# Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle Late Luteal Phase
Estrogen and progesterone fall when corpus luteum dies Gonadotropins start follicular development for new cycle
56
What is the path of sperm through the female reproductive tract?
Vagina → Cervix → Uterus → Isthmus of fallopian tube →Ampulla of fallopian tubue
57
What is the path of an egg through the reproductive tract?
Ovary → Fallopian tube → fertilization → implant in uterus
58
Where does fertilization occur?
In the Ampulla of Fallopian Tube
59
What happens after fertilization?
Fertilizaed blastocyst moves to uterus and impants inendometrial lining
60
Sufficient _ is requuired to maintain pregnancy?
Progesterone
61
What is the timing/sequence of ovulation/fertilization/implantation?
1. Ovulation 2. Day 1: Fertilization 3. Days 2-4: Cell division takes place 4. Day 4-5: Blastocyst reaches uterus 5. Days 5-9: Blastocyst implants
62
What issues do patients with PCOS have?
Insufficient progesterone making it difficult to conceive or maintain pregnancy Causes increases in androgens and decreases in estrogens → LH fails to surge → fail to ovulate High LH and low FSH
63
# Define Ectopic Pregnancy
Occurs when the blastocyst does not implant in the uterus Most commonly: Fallopian tube Can also implant: Cornual/Interstitial, Cervix, Abdomine
64
What is the function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)? | What does it do? Where does it come from?
Embryo prodcues hCG hCG mimic LH → corpus luteum remains and continues to secrete progesterone hCG levels rise early inpregnancy, then fall by week 20 when placenta tkes over progesterone production | maintains pregnancy ## Footnote Used to detect pregnancy in pregnancy tests
65
Embryos produce _ until 6 weeks
Both male and female reproductive parts | Bipotential until 6 weeks
66
# Embryo Development If Female (XX) | What structures develop after week 6?
Gonadal cortex forms ovary Gonadal medulla regresses Wolffian duct regresses (due to lack of testosterone) Mullerian duct becomes fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 of vagina (due to absenc of AMH)
67
# Embryonic Development If Male (XY) | What structures form after 6 weeks?
Gonadal Cortex regresses Gonadal medulla forms testis Wolffian duct forms epididymis, vas deferns, and seminal vesicle (testosterone present) Mullerian duct regresses (AMH present)
68
What is the purpose of the Y chromosome in embryonic development?
The Y chromosome drives internal gonadal developmeny SRY gene produces SRY protein which drives differentiation of testes
69
What is the function of sertoli cells in embryonic development in XY individuals?
Secrete AMH and cause regression of Mullerian Ducts
69
What is the function of leydig cells in embryonic development in XY individuals?
Secrete testosterone and DHT Testosterone stimulates development of epididymis, Vas deferens, and seminal vesicles DHT stimulates development of the penis and prostate gland
70
# Embryonic developmment in XX individuals What occurs in the absence of AMH and testosterone?
Mullerian ducts remain and form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper portion of the vagina
71
What occurs to an XX fetus if the mother has excess testosterone?
Fetus can develop male traits Issues ith fallopian tube formation
72
What can occur in an XY individual with androgen insensitivity?
Receptors for androgens dont work Lack of development of male traits due to lack of testosterone
73
Hormonal control of parturition (Birth) | What is the pathway?
Positive feedback of increases oxytocin secretion to uterine contractions until baby is born
74
Where is milk produced?
In the epithelial cells of the lobule
75
Each lobule contains _ and _ cells.
Epithelial Myoepithelial | Each lobule has 15-20 lobules/breast
76
Fats, proteins, lactose, vitamins, and minerals are all secreted into the alveolar luminal spaces until...
Suckling stimulus is received
77
Hormonal control of lactation
Babys cry/suckling stimulate oxytocin → causes myopeithelial cells to contract → milk moves from the mammary lobules through the ducts and eventually out of the nipple
78
Suckling inhibits _ and promotes _.
Suckling inhibits **dopamine release** and promotes **Prolactin release**.
79
Prolactin promotes _ and inhibits _.
Prolactin promotes **milk production** and inhibits **FSH and LH release**.

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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