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2023 Systems Phys > Cardiac - Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Cardiac - Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of pressure on the systemic side of the cardiovascular system?

A

LV

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2
Q

What is the source of pressure on the pulmonary side of the cardiovascular system?

A

RV

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3
Q

What causes the pressure differences acoss the body?

A

Gravity

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4
Q

What happens to pressure when a person is standing upright?

A

Above the heart: BP is higher
Below the heart: TP is higher

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5
Q

What happens to pressure in the body when a person is laying down?

A

BP and TP are equal throughout the body

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6
Q

What is the most compliant part of the arterial system?

A

Thoracic Aorta

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7
Q

What is the most compliant part of the venous system?

A

Vena Cava

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8
Q

When are vessels most compliant?

A

At their lowest volume

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9
Q

Why is the venous system so compliant?

A

It is high volume and low pressure

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10
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

Compliance = change in V/Change in P

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11
Q

What happens to compliance when you increase sympathetic tone of the veins?

A

Compliance decreases

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12
Q

What happens to resistance when you increase sympathetic tone to the Arterioles?

A

Resistance increases
Aortic pressure increases

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13
Q

What effect does venoconstriction have on cardiac output?

A

Venoconstriction -> increase sympathetic tone -> increase NE -> decrease compliance to vena cava -> Increase pressure to vena cava -> Increase venous return -> increase preload/EDV -> increase SV -> increase CO

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14
Q

What effect does age have on compliance?

A

Compliance decreases

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15
Q

How are cross sectional area and velcoity of flow related?

A

The are inversley related
Decrease cross sectional area -> Increase velocity of flow

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16
Q

When is diffusion most effective?

A

With low volume flow and high cross-sectional area

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17
Q

In a vein oriented upstream of blood flow…

A

Total pressure is measured
Blood flows directly into tube

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18
Q

In a vein oriented at a right angle to the direction of blood flow…

A

Only lateral componant is measured

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19
Q

What happens to velocity of blood flow if you have plaque by the entrance to your kidneys?

A

Velocity of blood flow increases as it flows past plaque -> reduced renal blood flow
Lateral component of pressure will decrease at site of plaque

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20
Q

What happens in a heart with aortic valve stenosis?

A

Leafelets cannot open all the way
Velocity of flow increases -> less perfusion -> less blood flow during distole -> less nutrient blood flow

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21
Q

Where is the main place resistance is regulated?

A

The arterioles

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22
Q

Constriction ___ resistance

A

Increases

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23
Q

Dilation ___ resistance

A

Decreases

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24
Q

What influences volume flow?

A

Pressure
Length of tube
Radius of tube
Viscosity of the liquid

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25
Q

When is Poiseuille’s Law applicable?

A

No variations in flow
Flow is laminar
The fluid is newtonian fluid

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26
Q

Flow through a tube depends on…

A

Inflow and outflow pressures

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27
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume flow?

A

They are directly proportional

28
Q

When pressure doubles, volume flow…

A

doubles

29
Q

When the pressure difference decreases, flow…

A

Decreases

30
Q

Preasure is equal when flow…

A

is nonexistant

31
Q

If the tube length doubles, flow…

A

decreaaes by 50%

32
Q

What is the relationship between the length of the tube and volume flow?

A

They are inversely related

33
Q

If the radius of the tube doubles, flow…

A

Increases

34
Q

What is the relationship between radius and flow?

A

They are directly proportional o

35
Q

If viscosity doubles, flow…

A

decreases by 50%

36
Q

Blood flows faster…

A

in the center of the vessel

37
Q

When hematocrit increases, viscosity…

A

increases

38
Q

Whatr is the equation for Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Q = pi(Pi - Po)r^4/8nl

39
Q

When the arterioles constrict…

A

Radius decreases -> volume flow to capillaries decreases -> pressure in the aorta increases

40
Q

When the arterioles dilate…

A

Radius increases -> volume flow increases

41
Q

Where is the greatest change in pressure found?

A

Arterioles

42
Q

In the circulatory system, resistance circuts are in….

A

parallel

43
Q

Why is it important for resistance circuts to be in parallel?

A

It allows the divertio of blood flow to different areas of body based on need

44
Q

What happens o the resistance in a circut when more resistors are added?

A

It gets reduced

45
Q

What is the equation of mean arterial BP?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3PP

46
Q

During systole…

A

blood is ejected into the aorta

47
Q

Pressure is lowest during…

A

diastole

48
Q

When does PP increase…

A

As you move away from the heart due to decreased compliance

49
Q

BP =…

A

CO * TPR

50
Q

Increased TPR ___ BP

A

Increases

51
Q

Increased CO, and constant TPR ___ BP

A

Increase

52
Q

Increased TPR, decreased DP ___ CO

A

Decrease

53
Q

What happensto transmural pressure when a subject is laying down?

A

TP in the foot, heart, and head are essentially the same because gravitational effects on the circulatory system are equal

54
Q

What happens to transmural pressure when a subject is standing?

A

TP above the heart decreases and below the heart increases
Below the heart TP is greater than BP
Above the heart TP is less than BP

55
Q

Compliance =….

A

Change in V/Change in P

56
Q

What does it mean that the compliance of an organ or vessel can be altered by changing the mechanical properties of the walls?

A

SNS stimulation of veins will increase contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel wall, making the wall more rigid, reducing compliance of the vein

57
Q

velocity of blood flow (v) =

A

Q/A

58
Q

Where in the cardiovascular system is there a high cross sectional area and low velocity flow?

A

In the pulmoonary circulation and in the capillary beds where exchange is very important

59
Q

What are the two components that make up pressure of flowing blood?

A

Lateral or static pressure
Kinetic energy of flowing blood or the dynamic component of pressure

60
Q

What effect does aortic stenosis have on the cardiovascular system?

A

In this condition the entire output of the LV must pass through a narrowed (stenotic) valve orifice. Since the cross-sectionl area through which the blood must flowis greatly reduced, the flow velocity is increased. The kinetic pressure is high but the lateral or static pressure is markedly reduced

61
Q

With non-turbulent laminar flow, the flow rate is proportional to…

A

The pressure gradient

62
Q

___ is one of the principle determinants of the rate of flow.

A

Pressure

63
Q

What is the principle determinant of reistance to blood flow thorugh any vessel in the cardiovascular circulation?

A

Radius

64
Q

With the arrangement of resistances in parallel the total resistance will be ___ the resistance of any of the individual components.

A

Less than

65
Q

Why is it important that the circulatory system is arranged in parallel?

A

Resistance can be altered in one vascular bed without effecting the flow in others
Large changes in resistance on one vascular bed has minimal effect on TPR and energy requirement from the heart
Flow to “nonessential” vascular beds can be redirected to others to reduce resistance

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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