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2023 Systems Phys > Respiratory - Ventilation > Flashcards

Respiratory - Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Ventilation

A

How gas gets from the atmosphere to the alveoli

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2
Q

Define

Boyle’s law

A

The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related
Increase V decrease P

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3
Q

How does Boyle’s Law apply to us?

A

When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and intrapleural pressure decreases

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4
Q

Define

Henry’s Law: The amount of a gas that dissolves into a fluid is related to…

A

The solubility of the gas into the fluid
The temperature of the fluid and
The partial pressure of the gas

Increase Temp decrease solute solubility

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5
Q

How does Henry’s Law apply to us?

A

The chemical properties of O2 and CO2 will dictate how much of each gas is present in the blood

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6
Q

Define

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas exerts independently

Add up partial pressures of all gases for total pressurue

PO2 = PB x FO2

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7
Q

What effect does increasing altidue have on fractional concentration of oxygen?

A

Increase altidue -> fractional concentration of oxygen remains unchanged

PO2 decreases

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8
Q

What occurs at the beginning of inspiration?

A

Ambient air brought into airways warmed and humidified
By larynx -> saturated w/water vapor
PP of other gasses diluted
PO2 in a humidified mixture: 150 mmHg

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9
Q

What affect does water vapor have on O2 in ventiliation?

A

% of O2 remains unchanged
PO2 is decreased

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10
Q

Define

Total Ventilation (VE)

Equation

A

Amount of air moved per minute
VE = VT x f

Total lVentilation = Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate

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11
Q

What affect does anatomical dead space have on depth of breathing, VT and f?

A

VT and f increase
depth of breathing

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12
Q

What happens to the portion of inspired air that gets to site of gas exchange?

A

It remains in conducting airways
Useless for gas exchange
large effect on VE efficiency

500 mL air moved in and out -> 350 mL exchanged between atm and alveoli

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13
Q

Define

Anatomical dead space

A

Structure with no gas exchange
In conducting airways

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14
Q

What needs to be considered to determine alveolar ventilaton?

A

Dead Space

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15
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

In alveoli with poor circulation n
Insignificant in healthy lung - usully O
Lethal in diseased lung

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16
Q

Physiological Dead space

A

Anatomical + alveolar dead space
Usually the same as anatomical because alveolar is usually 0

17
Q

Define

Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

A

VA = (TV - anatomic dead space) x resiratory rate
VA = (VT = VD) x f

more important than VE

18
Q

How does “old” air enter the alveoli?

A

At end of expiration, “old” air from previous breath is in dead space
Next inspiration “old air pushed back into alveoli

19
Q

Alevolar ventilation is best increased by…

A

increasing tidal volume

20
Q

What two variables of Alveolar Ventilation can be altered?

A

TV and f

21
Q

What is the relationship between Alveolar Ventilation and PaCO2

PaCO2 = partial pressue of CO2

A

They are inversely related
Increase ventilation decrease CO2

changing VA is the mechanism for regulating PaCO2

22
Q

If you hyperventilate, PaCO2..

A

decreases

panic attack -> blow off alot of CO2

23
Q

If you hypoventilate, PaCO2…

A

goes up

24
Q

How do you determine if VA is adequate?

A

By looking at PaCO2
If PaCO2 is high, VA is not adequate for level of CO2

Not enough or too much ventilation

25
Q

Eucapnia

VA

A

Normal

26
Q

Hypercapnia

VA

A

Hypoventilation

decreased ventilation

27
Q

Hypocapnia

VA

A

Hyperventilation

Increase ventilation

28
Q

How do we measure the amount of O2 reaching the alveoli?

A

The Alveolar Gas Equation measures the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus

assumes R is 0.8

29
Q

Why is the Alveolar Gas Equation so important?

A

Allows us to calculate A-a gradient and determine the source of hypoxemia
PO2 in alveolus - PO2 in arterial blood

30
Q

Define

Respiratory Quotient

A

Ratio of CO2 produced by VCO2 (by body) to O2 taken up (VO2)
Depends on the rate of metabolism and substrate burned

31
Q

What causes the difference between PAO2 to PaO2?

In healthy individual, PAO2 very close to PaO2

A

A-a gradient
due to regional differences in Va/Q
Anatomic shunt (blood bypasses alveoli)
Bronchial veins drain into pulmonary veins

32
Q

T or F

Alveolar ventilation is best increased by increasing respiratory rate

A

False

TV

33
Q

T or F

A gas diffuses down its partial pressure gradient

A

True

34
Q

T or F

Hypercapnia refers to excess CO2 in the arterial blood that is caused by hypoventilation

A

True

35
Q

T or F

The volume of air that remains in the conducting airways, and thus not available for gas exchange, is known as alveolar dead space

A

False

Anatomic dead space

36
Q

The pressure extered by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on the earth’s surface

A

Atmospheric pressure

37
Q

How much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs

A

Compliance

38
Q

The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related

A

Boyle’s Law

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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