Endocrine - Insulin and Glucagon High Yield Concepts Flashcards
The endocrine pancreas produces the hormones…
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic Polypeptide
What is insulin? When is it secreted? What does it do?
Anabolic hormone
Secreted in times of excess nutrient availability
Allows the body to use carbohydrates (insulin is a potent inhibitor of lipolysis) and store nutrients
Major stimuli for insulin secretion are…
↑Blood glucose
↑amino acids
↑fatty acids
What effect does the GI tract have on the pancreas?
The GI Tract releases hormones that stimulate pancreatic insulin secretion like Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) and Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)
Generally, what effect does insulin have in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue?
It ↑ glucose uptake
What effect does insulin have in muscles?
↑ glycogen synthesis and glycolysis
↑amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
What effect does insulin have in the liver?
↑glycogen synthesis and glycolysis
What effect does insulin have in adipose tissue?
↑lipoprotein lipase activity
↓hormone-sensitive lipase activity
Diabetes mellitus is classified as Type 1 or 2 according to…
Etiology of the disease
Major symptoms of diabetes mellitus include…
hyperglycemia
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
muscle wasting
ketoacidosis (In Type 1)
What is Glucagon? When is it secreted? What does it do?
Catabolic Hormone
Secretion increases during periods of food deprivation
acts to mobilize nutrient reserves – glycogen and fat
Glucagon is released in response to…
↓ blood glucose
↑ amino acid levels
The primary target organ for glucagon is…
The liver
What effect does Glucagon have on the liver?
↑liver glucose output by ↑glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
↑ketogenesis and lipolysis
