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2023 Systems Phys > Respiratory I > Flashcards

Respiratory I Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when the match between blood and oxygen isn’t a perfect match?

A

Contributes to inadequate oxygenation of our cells

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2
Q

What is the function of respiration?

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

Respiration is the gas exchange between….You obtain _ and eliminate_

A

Gas exchange between the external environment and body
Obtain O2
Eliminate CO2 (regulate acid-base balance)

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4
Q

Define

Respiration

A

All events involved in gas exchange

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5
Q

Define

Ventiliation

A

the process of breathing in and out

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6
Q

What is the general organization of the respiratory system?

A

An air pump of alveolar ventilation
A surface for gas exchange (alveoli)
A mechanism to carry oxygen and CO2 in the blood
A circulatory system
A mechanism for locally regulating distribution of air and blood flow
A mechanism for centrally regulating ventilation

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7
Q

Define

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs exquisitely evolved for efficient gas exchange

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8
Q

What is the mechanism to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What are the two levels of respiration?

A

External respiration
Internal respiration

Provide a stable alevolar environment
constant osciliation between phases

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10
Q

Define

External respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and body tissue

Taking air in and bringing to tissues

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11
Q

Define

Internal respiration

A

Use of O2 in mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosophorylation
CO2 is the waste product

Inside Cells

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of ventilation?

A

To maintain an optimal composition of alveolar gas

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13
Q

Define

Alveolus

A

A buffer compartment between the atmosphere and capillary blood

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14
Q

What is the function of the Alveolus?

A

O2 constantly removed by blood
CO2 continuously added from blood
O2 replenished and CO2 removed by ventilation

Lessens the effect of changes

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15
Q

Define

Surfactant

A

Enables us to lower surface tension in alveoli to breath
produced by respiratory system

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16
Q

The respiratory system consists of…

structures of the respiratory system

A

Airways leading into the lungs
Lungs
Structures in thorax producing movement air through airways

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17
Q

What is the path of the respiratory airways?

A
  1. Nasal passages (nose)
  2. Pharynx
  3. Trachea (windpipe)
  4. Larynx (voice box) (only sometimes here)
  5. Right and left bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli (air sacs) clustered at ends of terminal bronchioles
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18
Q

What is the function of respiratory airways?

A

Carry air between the atmosphere and alveoli

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19
Q

What prevents collapse in the trachea and primary bronchi during times of pressure changes?

Negative or Positive (A cough increases pressure)

A

Rings of cartilage

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20
Q

What are the lobar and segmental bronchi?

Secondary/Tertiary

A

Small plates of cartilage

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21
Q

What keeps bronchioles open?

A

Parencyhma and lung elasticity

No cartilage

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22
Q

Airway diameters are regulated by…

From the trachea to terminal bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle innervation (ANS)
Circulating hormones and local chemicals

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23
Q

Define

Conducting Zone

A

Leads inspired air to the gas exchange regions

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24
Q

What makes up the conducting zone?

A

Trachea + first 16 generations of airways:
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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25
What does it mean that the conducting zone is "anatomic dead space"?
No alveoli No blood-gas barrier No gas exchange | Bring air in but cant use it
26
What makes up the respiratory zone? | 3L
Last 7 generations of airways: Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
27
What is the respiratory zone?
The site of gas exchange 300 million alveoli where the blood-gas barrier is
28
What are 3 important functions of the conducting zone?
Distributes air evenly to deeper parts of lungs Warms and humidifies until inspired air is: 37 degrees/saturated with water vapor Defense: Moving staircase of mucus
29
What are the physical characteristics of Alveoli?
Large surface area Thin walled Total blood-gas barrier is 2 cells across
30
What secretes surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
31
What gaurds the alveolar lumen?
Alveolar macrophages
32
# Define Pores of Kohn
Permit airflow between adjacent alveoli | Collateral ventilation - connections between alveoli
33
# Define Lung apex
Superior tip of the lung just deep to clavicle
34
# Define Lung Base
Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm
35
What does the lung tissue (parenchyma) consist of?
Airways Alveoli Blood Vessels Elastic Connective tissue
36
Which part of the lung tissue contain smooth muscle?
Airways Blood vessels
37
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
38
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
39
# Thoracic Cage Ribs and Spine
12 pairs of curved ribs sternum thoracic vertebrae
40
# Thoracic Cage Chest Wall | Muscles in RIbs
Internal and external intercostal muscles connect the 12 rib pairs Sternocleidomastoids and scalenes connect the head and neck to the first 2 ribs
41
# Thoracic Cage Diaphragm
Dome-shapes skeletal muscle Seperates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Increases size of thoracic cavity
42
# What is it? Thorax
A sealed cavity with 3 membranous bags 1 pericardial sac contains the heart 2 pleural sacs, each containing 1 lung
43
# Define Pleural Sac
Seperate each lung from the thoracic wall double-walled closed sac filled with intrapleural fluid
44
The visceral pleural sac covers....
Surface of lung (inner)
45
Parietal pleural sac is located....
Inside the thorax
46
What secretes intrapleural fluid?
Surfaces of the pleura
47
What is the purpose of intrapleural fluid?
Lubricates pleural surfaces Causes pleural surfaces to adhere together
48
Horizontally, intrapleurla fluid....
creates a slippery surface allowing lungs to side against thoracic wall
49
Vertically, pleural fluid allows...
The lungs and chest expand as a single unit | Due to cohesive forces
50
What are the 4 relevant pressures to the lungs?
Atmospheric (barometric) Intrapulmonary (alveolar) Intrapleural Transmural
51
# Define in regards to the Lungs Atomospheric (Barometric) pressure
Pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere (760 mmHg at sea level) | Effects of gravity on air ## Footnote Decrease gravity, Decrease pressure
52
# Define in regards to the Lungs Intrapulmonary (alveolar)
Pressure inside the alveoli | Equal to atmospheric pressure - open
53
# Define in regards to the Lungs Intrapleural Pressure
Pressure in pleural fluid usually less than intra-alveolar pressure exterted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity | Negative pressure in the pleural sac
54
# Define in regards to the Lungs Transmural Pressure
Pressure difference across the wall | Makes it easier to expand
55
Transpulmonary pressure makes what easier to accomplish?
Expanding
56
Neither the thoracic wall nor lungs are in their natural position. Why?
Stretched lungs: a tendency to pull in (recoil in) Compressed thoracic wall: Tends to pull out (recoil out)
57
Pip tends to be... | Intrapleural Pressure
negative | Increase volume decrease pressure
58
When is the only time that Pip is positive?
During forced expiration | Increase pressure
59
What helps keep the lung and chest from pulling away from each other?
The transmural pressure gradient and intrapleural fluid's cohesiveness | except for the slightest degree
60
What is the purpose of the slight expansion of the pleural cavity?
It creates a vacuum because fluid cannot expand to fill the slightly larger volume | `
61
What is the purpose of a negative Pip?
It keeps the lung inflated
62
What happens if an opening occurs in the chest wall? | Can be due to something like trauma
Air enters pleural space Pip equilibrates with Pb Transplural pressure gradient lost Lung and thorax separate and assume their natural positions | Causes lung to collapse
63
Pneumothorax
Air in chest | Collapsed lung
64
What happens when the transpulmonary pressure gradient is lost during a pneumothorax?
Intrapleural fluid's cohesiveness cannot hold lungs and wall
65
Atelectasis
collapse of alveoli caused when the lungs and thorax assumer their natural positions
66
What are the symptoms of a Pneumothorax?
Shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Increasing HR Blue skin Chest Pain
67
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology P
pressure, tension or partial pressure of a gas
68
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology V
volume of a gas
69
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology F
fractional concentration of a gas
70
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology Q
volume of blood
71
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology C
content
72
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology A
alveolar | A comes before a - al comes before ar
73
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology a
arterial | A comes before a - al comes before ar
74
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology B
barometric
75
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology D
dead space
76
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology E
expiratory
77
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology I
inspiratory
78
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology ip
pleural
79
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology v
venous
80
# Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology .
Denotes a rate
81
# T or F Lungs contain Ig quantities of elastic connective tissue
True
82
# T or F There are no muscles within the alveolar walls
True
83
# T or F The Pip is greater than the PA
False
84
# T or F Stretched lungs have a tendency to pull inward
True
85
# T or F During inspiration, the Pip increases
False
86
Which condition is characterized by air entering the pleural space?
Pneumothorax
87
Which condition is characterized bby lungs collapsing to its unstretched size?
Atelectasis
88
Which condition refers to an inflammation of the pleural sac?
Pleurisy

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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