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2023 Systems Phys > Respiratory I > Flashcards

Respiratory I Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when the match between blood and oxygen isn’t a perfect match?

A

Contributes to inadequate oxygenation of our cells

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2
Q

What is the function of respiration?

A

Gas exchange

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3
Q

Respiration is the gas exchange between….You obtain _ and eliminate_

A

Gas exchange between the external environment and body
Obtain O2
Eliminate CO2 (regulate acid-base balance)

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4
Q

Define

Respiration

A

All events involved in gas exchange

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5
Q

Define

Ventiliation

A

the process of breathing in and out

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6
Q

What is the general organization of the respiratory system?

A

An air pump of alveolar ventilation
A surface for gas exchange (alveoli)
A mechanism to carry oxygen and CO2 in the blood
A circulatory system
A mechanism for locally regulating distribution of air and blood flow
A mechanism for centrally regulating ventilation

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7
Q

Define

Alveoli

A

Air sacs in the lungs exquisitely evolved for efficient gas exchange

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8
Q

What is the mechanism to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What are the two levels of respiration?

A

External respiration
Internal respiration

Provide a stable alevolar environment
constant osciliation between phases

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10
Q

Define

External respiration

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and body tissue

Taking air in and bringing to tissues

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11
Q

Define

Internal respiration

A

Use of O2 in mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosophorylation
CO2 is the waste product

Inside Cells

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of ventilation?

A

To maintain an optimal composition of alveolar gas

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13
Q

Define

Alveolus

A

A buffer compartment between the atmosphere and capillary blood

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14
Q

What is the function of the Alveolus?

A

O2 constantly removed by blood
CO2 continuously added from blood
O2 replenished and CO2 removed by ventilation

Lessens the effect of changes

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15
Q

Define

Surfactant

A

Enables us to lower surface tension in alveoli to breath
produced by respiratory system

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16
Q

The respiratory system consists of…

structures of the respiratory system

A

Airways leading into the lungs
Lungs
Structures in thorax producing movement air through airways

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17
Q

What is the path of the respiratory airways?

A
  1. Nasal passages (nose)
  2. Pharynx
  3. Trachea (windpipe)
  4. Larynx (voice box) (only sometimes here)
  5. Right and left bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli (air sacs) clustered at ends of terminal bronchioles
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18
Q

What is the function of respiratory airways?

A

Carry air between the atmosphere and alveoli

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19
Q

What prevents collapse in the trachea and primary bronchi during times of pressure changes?

Negative or Positive (A cough increases pressure)

A

Rings of cartilage

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20
Q

What are the lobar and segmental bronchi?

Secondary/Tertiary

A

Small plates of cartilage

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21
Q

What keeps bronchioles open?

A

Parencyhma and lung elasticity

No cartilage

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22
Q

Airway diameters are regulated by…

From the trachea to terminal bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle innervation (ANS)
Circulating hormones and local chemicals

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23
Q

Define

Conducting Zone

A

Leads inspired air to the gas exchange regions

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24
Q

What makes up the conducting zone?

A

Trachea + first 16 generations of airways:
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles

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25
Q

What does it mean that the conducting zone is “anatomic dead space”?

A

No alveoli
No blood-gas barrier
No gas exchange

Bring air in but cant use it

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26
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone?

3L

A

Last 7 generations of airways:
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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27
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

The site of gas exchange
300 million alveoli
where the blood-gas barrier is

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28
Q

What are 3 important functions of the conducting zone?

A

Distributes air evenly to deeper parts of lungs
Warms and humidifies until inspired air is: 37 degrees/saturated with water vapor
Defense: Moving staircase of mucus

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29
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Alveoli?

A

Large surface area
Thin walled
Total blood-gas barrier is 2 cells across

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30
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

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31
Q

What gaurds the alveolar lumen?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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32
Q

Define

Pores of Kohn

A

Permit airflow between adjacent alveoli

Collateral ventilation - connections between alveoli

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33
Q

Define

Lung apex

A

Superior tip of the lung
just deep to clavicle

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34
Q

Define

Lung Base

A

Concave inferior surface resting on diaphragm

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35
Q

What does the lung tissue (parenchyma) consist of?

A

Airways
Alveoli
Blood Vessels
Elastic
Connective tissue

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36
Q

Which part of the lung tissue contain smooth muscle?

A

Airways
Blood vessels

37
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

38
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

39
Q

Thoracic Cage

Ribs and Spine

A

12 pairs of curved ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae

40
Q

Thoracic Cage

Chest Wall

Muscles in RIbs

A

Internal and external intercostal muscles connect the 12 rib pairs
Sternocleidomastoids and scalenes connect the head and neck to the first 2 ribs

41
Q

Thoracic Cage

Diaphragm

A

Dome-shapes skeletal muscle
Seperates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Increases size of thoracic cavity

42
Q

What is it?

Thorax

A

A sealed cavity with 3 membranous bags
1 pericardial sac contains the heart
2 pleural sacs, each containing 1 lung

43
Q

Define

Pleural Sac

A

Seperate each lung from the thoracic wall
double-walled closed sac
filled with intrapleural fluid

44
Q

The visceral pleural sac covers….

A

Surface of lung (inner)

45
Q

Parietal pleural sac is located….

A

Inside the thorax

46
Q

What secretes intrapleural fluid?

A

Surfaces of the pleura

47
Q

What is the purpose of intrapleural fluid?

A

Lubricates pleural surfaces
Causes pleural surfaces to adhere together

48
Q

Horizontally, intrapleurla fluid….

A

creates a slippery surface allowing lungs to side against thoracic wall

49
Q

Vertically, pleural fluid allows…

A

The lungs and chest expand as a single unit

Due to cohesive forces

50
Q

What are the 4 relevant pressures to the lungs?

A

Atmospheric (barometric)
Intrapulmonary (alveolar)
Intrapleural
Transmural

51
Q

Define in regards to the Lungs

Atomospheric (Barometric) pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere (760 mmHg at sea level)

Effects of gravity on air

Decrease gravity, Decrease pressure

52
Q

Define in regards to the Lungs

Intrapulmonary (alveolar)

A

Pressure inside the alveoli

Equal to atmospheric pressure - open

53
Q

Define in regards to the Lungs

Intrapleural Pressure

A

Pressure in pleural fluid
usually less than intra-alveolar pressure
exterted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity

Negative pressure in the pleural sac

54
Q

Define in regards to the Lungs

Transmural Pressure

A

Pressure difference across the wall

Makes it easier to expand

55
Q

Transpulmonary pressure makes what easier to accomplish?

56
Q

Neither the thoracic wall nor lungs are in their natural position. Why?

A

Stretched lungs: a tendency to pull in (recoil in)
Compressed thoracic wall: Tends to pull out (recoil out)

57
Q

Pip tends to be…

Intrapleural Pressure

A

negative

Increase volume decrease pressure

58
Q

When is the only time that Pip is positive?

A

During forced expiration

Increase pressure

59
Q

What helps keep the lung and chest from pulling away from each other?

A

The transmural pressure gradient and intrapleural fluid’s cohesiveness

except for the slightest degree

60
Q

What is the purpose of the slight expansion of the pleural cavity?

A

It creates a vacuum because fluid cannot expand to fill the slightly larger volume

`

61
Q

What is the purpose of a negative Pip?

A

It keeps the lung inflated

62
Q

What happens if an opening occurs in the chest wall?

Can be due to something like trauma

A

Air enters pleural space
Pip equilibrates with Pb
Transplural pressure gradient lost
Lung and thorax separate and assume their natural positions

Causes lung to collapse

63
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in chest

Collapsed lung

64
Q

What happens when the transpulmonary pressure gradient is lost during a pneumothorax?

A

Intrapleural fluid’s cohesiveness cannot hold lungs and wall

65
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapse of alveoli caused when the lungs and thorax assumer their natural positions

66
Q

What are the symptoms of a Pneumothorax?

A

Shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Increasing HR
Blue skin
Chest Pain

67
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

P

A

pressure, tension or partial pressure of a gas

68
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

V

A

volume of a gas

69
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

F

A

fractional concentration of a gas

70
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

Q

A

volume of blood

71
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

C

72
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

A

A

alveolar

A comes before a - al comes before ar

73
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

a

A

arterial

A comes before a - al comes before ar

74
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

B

A

barometric

75
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

D

A

dead space

76
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

E

A

expiratory

77
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

I

A

inspiratory

78
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

ip

79
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

v

80
Q

Common Symbols in Respiratory Physiology

.

A

Denotes a rate

81
Q

T or F

Lungs contain Ig quantities of elastic connective tissue

82
Q

T or F

There are no muscles within the alveolar walls

83
Q

T or F

The Pip is greater than the PA

84
Q

T or F

Stretched lungs have a tendency to pull inward

85
Q

T or F

During inspiration, the Pip increases

86
Q

Which condition is characterized by air entering the pleural space?

A

Pneumothorax

87
Q

Which condition is characterized bby lungs collapsing to its unstretched size?

A

Atelectasis

88
Q

Which condition refers to an inflammation of the pleural sac?

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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