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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Key Concepts - Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine - Key Concepts - Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system is composed of…

A

gonads and external genitalia

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of the gonads?

A

Production of gametes and production of hormone

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3
Q

Production of reproductive hormones is reglated by…

A

the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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4
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain…

A

Sertoli cells
developing sperm cells

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5
Q

Define

Spermatogenesis

A

the progression of sperm cells from spermatogonia through the processes of meiosis and spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoa

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6
Q

_ and _ are required for normal sperm production

A

Testosterone and FSH

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7
Q

Only Sertoli cells express _ and _

A

Androgen receptor
FSH receptor

These hormones regulate spermatogenesis indirectly thru actions on S cel

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8
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____, which negatively feeds back on _ .

A

Inhibin
Pituitary FSH production

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9
Q

Functions of the Sertoli cells include:

A

production of ABP
production of fluid
creation of the blood testis barrier
production of inhibin

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10
Q

Leydig cells are _ cells that reside _.

A

Stromal cells
outside the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Leydig cells respond to _ by producing _.

A

Leydig cells respond to LH by producing Testosterone.

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12
Q

Define

Testosterone

What is it? What is it converted to?

A

Active androgen
Converted peripherally to DHT or to estradiol

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13
Q

Leydig cells are regulated by…

A

hypothalamic - pituitary - testicular axis

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14
Q

What is the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis?

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH → stimulates pituitary gonadotropes → secrete LH and FSH → Testosterone, DHT, and estradiol negatively feedback at the pituitary and hypothalamus → inhibit LH more than FSH

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15
Q

Inhibin selectively inhibits…

A

FSH

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16
Q

The male reproductive tract includes…

A

tubal structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra)
accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral)
penis

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17
Q

Seminal fluid is produced in the…

A

seminal vesicles
prostate

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18
Q

What is the purpose of seminal fluid?

A

nourish, buffer, and protects sperm

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19
Q

Penile erection involves…

A

complex neurovascular response leading to engagment of the erectile tissue
penis and shaft fill with blood

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20
Q

_ is the functional unit of the ovary?

A

The follicle

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21
Q

Follicles contain _ and _ cells that surround the _.

A

Granulousa
Theca
primary oocyte

22
Q

Primary oocyte remains in the _ until _.

A

Primary oocyte remains in the first meiotic prophase until just before ovulation.

23
Q

The menstrual cycle refers to an approximately 28 day cycle that is driven bby the following ovarian events:

A

Development of one large antral follicle to a preovulatory follicle (Follicular phase), ovulation, and formation and death of a corpus luteum of mensturation (luteal phase)

24
Q

How do the ovarian and uterine cycles relate?

A

Follicular Phase = menses and proliferative phase
Luteal Phase = secretory phase

Ovary ; uterine

25
How many follicles make it through the entire cycle?
One dominant follicle is selected per menstrual cycle
26
How is the dominant follicle chosen?
usually the largest follicle with the most FSH receptors
27
# During the menstrual cycle: High levels of _ occur around midcycle What do they do?
Estradiol Exert positive feedback on gonadotropin secretion
28
The positive feedback exerted on gonadotropin secretion by high estradiol around midcycle induces _.
the LH, and smaller FSH, surge
29
The midcycle gonadotropin surge induces:
* Meiotic maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte paused at metaphase of the second miotic division * Breakdown of the ovarian and follicular wall for ovulation * Differentiation of remaining follicular cells into corpus luteum
30
The corpus luteum produces...
high levels of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin
31
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
The corpus luteum will die in 14 days | Luteal phase
32
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
Capture the egg and transport it toward the uterus
33
What is the function of estrogen in egg transport?
promotes transport
34
What is the function of progesterone in egg transport?
inhibits transport
35
# Define Endometrium
Uterine mucosa normal site of embryonic implantation
36
What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
The mucosa is increaded in thickness in preparation for implantation and is sloughed away if no pregnancy occurs
37
What occurs during the mid to late follicular phase (days 6-14)?
The ovary produces estradiol, which induces all cells of the endometrium to proliferate | Proliferative phase
38
What occurs during the luteal phase (days 16-28)?
Production of progesterone
39
Progesterone produced during the luteal phase...
Progrsterone stimulates secetion from the uterine glands | Secretory phase
40
What happens if pregnancy doesnt occur?
Corpus luteum dies Progesterone production ceases Uterine endometrium is sloughed | Menses - follicular phase - days 1-5
41
What is the cervix?
Lower portion of the uterus
42
What happens to cervical mucous during midcycle?
In response to estrogen, cervical mucous promotes entry of sperm into the uterus
43
What happens to cervical mucous during the luteal phase?
In response to progesterone, cervical mucous becomes thick and poses a barrier to entry of sperm and microbes into the uterus
44
Where does fertilization occur? What happens?
Fallopian tube Penetration of the oocyte by sperm
45
Pregnancy hormones can induce what major changes in maternal physiology?
An increase in insulin resistance Increase in fatty acid use by the mother Development of mammary glands
46
Mammary gland development is promoted by...
estrogen progesterone placental lactogen maternal pituitary prolactin
47
Maternal pituitary prolactin secretion is stimulated by...
Placental estrogens
48
# Define Oxytocin | What is it? What does it do?
Pituitary hormone Promotes contraction of certain smooth muscles, including myometrial contractions during labor and myopeithelial contractions in the breasts that lead to let-down of milk in response to suckling
49
Menopause results from...
Exhaustion of the ovarian reserve
50
Menopause is characterized by...
low ovarian hormone Elevated gonadotropin levels

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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