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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Key Concepts - Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine - Key Concepts - Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system is composed of…

A

gonads and external genitalia

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of the gonads?

A

Production of gametes and production of hormone

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3
Q

Production of reproductive hormones is reglated by…

A

the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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4
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain…

A

Sertoli cells
developing sperm cells

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5
Q

Define

Spermatogenesis

A

the progression of sperm cells from spermatogonia through the processes of meiosis and spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoa

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6
Q

_ and _ are required for normal sperm production

A

Testosterone and FSH

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7
Q

Only Sertoli cells express _ and _

A

Androgen receptor
FSH receptor

These hormones regulate spermatogenesis indirectly thru actions on S cel

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8
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____, which negatively feeds back on _ .

A

Inhibin
Pituitary FSH production

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9
Q

Functions of the Sertoli cells include:

A

production of ABP
production of fluid
creation of the blood testis barrier
production of inhibin

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10
Q

Leydig cells are _ cells that reside _.

A

Stromal cells
outside the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Leydig cells respond to _ by producing _.

A

Leydig cells respond to LH by producing Testosterone.

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12
Q

Define

Testosterone

What is it? What is it converted to?

A

Active androgen
Converted peripherally to DHT or to estradiol

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13
Q

Leydig cells are regulated by…

A

hypothalamic - pituitary - testicular axis

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14
Q

What is the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis?

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH → stimulates pituitary gonadotropes → secrete LH and FSH → Testosterone, DHT, and estradiol negatively feedback at the pituitary and hypothalamus → inhibit LH more than FSH

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15
Q

Inhibin selectively inhibits…

A

FSH

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16
Q

The male reproductive tract includes…

A

tubal structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra)
accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral)
penis

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17
Q

Seminal fluid is produced in the…

A

seminal vesicles
prostate

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18
Q

What is the purpose of seminal fluid?

A

nourish, buffer, and protects sperm

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19
Q

Penile erection involves…

A

complex neurovascular response leading to engagment of the erectile tissue
penis and shaft fill with blood

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20
Q

_ is the functional unit of the ovary?

A

The follicle

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21
Q

Follicles contain _ and _ cells that surround the _.

A

Granulousa
Theca
primary oocyte

22
Q

Primary oocyte remains in the _ until _.

A

Primary oocyte remains in the first meiotic prophase until just before ovulation.

23
Q

The menstrual cycle refers to an approximately 28 day cycle that is driven bby the following ovarian events:

A

Development of one large antral follicle to a preovulatory follicle (Follicular phase), ovulation, and formation and death of a corpus luteum of mensturation (luteal phase)

24
Q

How do the ovarian and uterine cycles relate?

A

Follicular Phase = menses and proliferative phase
Luteal Phase = secretory phase

Ovary ; uterine

25
Q

How many follicles make it through the entire cycle?

A

One dominant follicle is selected per menstrual cycle

26
Q

How is the dominant follicle chosen?

A

usually the largest follicle with the most FSH receptors

27
Q

During the menstrual cycle:

High levels of _ occur around midcycle
What do they do?

A

Estradiol
Exert positive feedback on gonadotropin secretion

28
Q

The positive feedback exerted on gonadotropin secretion by high estradiol around midcycle induces _.

A

the LH, and smaller FSH, surge

29
Q

The midcycle gonadotropin surge induces:

A
  • Meiotic maturation of primary oocyte to secondary oocyte paused at metaphase of the second miotic division
  • Breakdown of the ovarian and follicular wall for ovulation
  • Differentiation of remaining follicular cells into corpus luteum
30
Q

The corpus luteum produces…

A

high levels of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin

31
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

A

The corpus luteum will die in 14 days

Luteal phase

32
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Capture the egg and transport it toward the uterus

33
Q

What is the function of estrogen in egg transport?

A

promotes transport

34
Q

What is the function of progesterone in egg transport?

A

inhibits transport

35
Q

Define

Endometrium

A

Uterine mucosa
normal site of embryonic implantation

36
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

A

The mucosa is increaded in thickness in preparation for implantation and is sloughed away if no pregnancy occurs

37
Q

What occurs during the mid to late follicular phase (days 6-14)?

A

The ovary produces estradiol, which induces all cells of the endometrium to proliferate

Proliferative phase

38
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase (days 16-28)?

A

Production of progesterone

39
Q

Progesterone produced during the luteal phase…

A

Progrsterone stimulates secetion from the uterine glands

Secretory phase

40
Q

What happens if pregnancy doesnt occur?

A

Corpus luteum dies
Progesterone production ceases
Uterine endometrium is sloughed

Menses - follicular phase - days 1-5

41
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Lower portion of the uterus

42
Q

What happens to cervical mucous during midcycle?

A

In response to estrogen, cervical mucous promotes entry of sperm into the uterus

43
Q

What happens to cervical mucous during the luteal phase?

A

In response to progesterone, cervical mucous becomes thick and poses a barrier to entry of sperm and microbes into the uterus

44
Q

Where does fertilization occur? What happens?

A

Fallopian tube
Penetration of the oocyte by sperm

45
Q

Pregnancy hormones can induce what major changes in maternal physiology?

A

An increase in insulin resistance
Increase in fatty acid use by the mother
Development of mammary glands

46
Q

Mammary gland development is promoted by…

A

estrogen
progesterone
placental lactogen
maternal pituitary prolactin

47
Q

Maternal pituitary prolactin secretion is stimulated by…

A

Placental estrogens

48
Q

Define

Oxytocin

What is it? What does it do?

A

Pituitary hormone
Promotes contraction of certain smooth muscles, including myometrial contractions during labor and myopeithelial contractions in the breasts that lead to let-down of milk in response to suckling

49
Q

Menopause results from…

A

Exhaustion of the ovarian reserve

50
Q

Menopause is characterized by…

A

low ovarian hormone
Elevated gonadotropin levels

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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