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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine - Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

Hormone disorder caused by excess GH

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2
Q

What causes Acromegaly?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

Low GHRH
High GH
High IGF-1
High Somatostatin
High Blood Glucose
High Free Fatty Acids
Low Amino Acids

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3
Q

Symptoms of Acromegaly

A

Increased bone width
Diabetes - High GH - IR increases liver glucose production and decreases glucose uptake

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4
Q

What causes GH deficiency?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

High GHRH
Low GH
Low IGF-1
Low Somatostatin
Low Blood Glucose
Low Free Fatty Acids
High Amino Acids

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5
Q

What causes GH receptor deficiency?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

High GHRH
High GH
Low IGF-1
Low SS
Low Blood Glucose
Low FFA
High Amino Acids

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6
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

Under active thyroid
Thyroid antibodies damage thyroid
Slows down metabolic processes

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7
Q

What are the primary causes Hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid failure (or pituitary/hypothalamic failure)
Iodine insufficiency
↓T3 and T4
↑TSH
Feedback doesn’t work

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A

Fatigue, Lethargy
Weight Gain
Cold intolerance (↓BMR)
Muscle aches, stiffness
Somnolence (Drowsiness)
Mental Slowness
Depression
Slow reflexes
Constipation
Dry Skin
Thinning Hair

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9
Q

What causes Secondary Hypothyroidism?

A

↓TSH
↓T3 & T4

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10
Q

What is Primary Hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine Insufficiecy
Hasiomoto’s Thyroiditis
Primary failure of target organ

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11
Q

What causes Primary Hypothyroidism?

A

↓T3 & T4
↑TSH

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12
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excess hormones (overactive thyroid)
speed up metabolic processes

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13
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease
↑T3 & T4
↓TSH
Toxic Adenoma
Feedback failure
Excess TSH or TRH

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14
Q

What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Nervousness
Insomnia
Anxiety
Restlessness
Sweating
Irritability
Heat Intolerance (↑BMR)
Tremor
Weight Loss
Palpitations/Tachycardia
Increased Defecation
Goiter
Bruit
Graves Disease
Fatigue
Exopthalamos (bulging eyes)

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15
Q

What is Secondary Hyperthyroidism?

A

Autonomous secretion of Tropic Hormone
Excess TSH or TRH
No Feedback

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16
Q

What causes Secondary Hyperthyroidism?

A

↑TSH
↑T3 & T4

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17
Q

What is Primary Hyperthyroidism?

A

Autonomous secretion of target organ
Constant stimulation
Graves Disease - Goiter

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18
Q

What causes Primary Hyperthyroidism?

A

↑T3 & T4
↓TSH

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19
Q

What are symptoms of Congenital Hypothyroidism?

A

Short Stature
Malformed Legs
Dull expression
Intellectual disabilities
Delayed Puberty
Muscle Weakness

20
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies target thyroid receptor activating TH synthesis and stimulate thyroid gland

21
Q

What are symptoms of Grave’s Disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Weightloss
Heat intolerance
Exopthalmos

22
Q

What is Ketoacidosis?

A

Produce Ketone bodies in the absence of insulin

23
Q

What are symptoms of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Hypothyroidism
↓Metabolic rate
Weight gain
Fatigue
Puffy face

24
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency
Problem in adrenal gland
Not enough cortisol to inhibit pituitary

25
What are symptoms of Addion's Disease?
Hypotension Muscle weakness Hypoglycemia Hyperpigmentation
26
What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Lack of ACTH Drugs ↓Cortisol Tumors Infections of pituitary
27
What are symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Addison's w/o hypertension Mild orthostatic hypotension Poor stress response
28
What causes Cushing's Syndrome?
Hypercortisolism ↑ACTH secretion
29
What are symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?
Selective accumulation of abdominal fta and loss of musculature on extremities Muscle wasting/weakness Insulin Resistance - Type II Diabetes Thin skin/ abdominal straie Hypertension Truncual obesity Gonadal Dysfunction Moon face Osteoporosis Acne ↑Cortisol ↑Plasma Glucose
30
What is Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia?
Congenital enzyme deficiency blocks cortisol production absence of cortisol
31
What are symptoms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
↑ACTH Secretion Adrenal Corticol Growth ↑Androgens ↓Corticosteroids
32
What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?
Implantation of embryo outside the uterus Fallopian Tube Abdomen Cervix
33
What occurs in an XY person with Androgen Insensitivity?
Androgen Receptor Malfunction Lack of Testosterone Lack of development of male traits
34
General Adaptation Syndrome
Nervous and hormonal responses result in a state of intense readiness with fuel mobilized for use
35
What are symptoms of PCOS?
High LH Low FSH Insufficient Progesterone Difficulty conceiving and maintaing pregancy ↓Estrogens ↑Androgens Failure to ovulate
36
What occurs in an XX fetus whose mother has excess testosterone?
Fetus can develop male traits Issues with fallopian tube development
37
What happens to a fetus whose mother has hypothyroidism and is T3 deficient in utero?
Impaired growth of cerebral and cerebellar cortez Impaired proliferation of axons and branching dendrites Impaired myelinization Irreversible brain damage if not treated immediately after birth ↓RNA/protein content ↓Protein synthesis ↓Enzymes for DNA synthesis ↓NT receptors ↓NT synthesis
38
What is Type I Diabetes?
Not enough insulin is produced - exogenous source neded High blood glucose abrupt autoimmune response | ↓Insulin ↑Glucose
39
What are symptoms of Type I Diabetes?
Insulin sensitive tissues Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Hyperglycemia
40
What is Type II Diabetes?
↑Insulin levels due to poor tissue response Unable to use insulin effectively ↑Insulin ↑Glucose
41
What are symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?
Microvascular diseases Macrovascular diseases Insulin resistance Hepatic glucose production enhanced - muscle glucose uptake impaired Fatigue, Sores that dont heal, Numbness
42
What causes Type II Diabetes?
Obesity Nutrition - diet changes can prevent Age Inactivity
43
Microvascular Diseases
Retinopathy Neuropathy Nephropathy
44
Macrovascular Diseases
Cornary Artery Disease Cerebrovascular disease
45
Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Abdominal Pain Nausea Vomiting
46
Dwarfism due to Pituitary Dysfunction
↑GHRH seretion ↓Plasma IGF-1 ↓Fasting Plasma [Glucose] ↓GH synthesis and secretion
47
What causes a patient to have myedema and lethargy with low TSH that responds to additions of TRH?
Hypothyroidism with abnormaility in hypothalamus

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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