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2023 Systems Phys > Endocrine - Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine - Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

Hormone disorder caused by excess GH

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2
Q

What causes Acromegaly?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

Low GHRH
High GH
High IGF-1
High Somatostatin
High Blood Glucose
High Free Fatty Acids
Low Amino Acids

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3
Q

Symptoms of Acromegaly

A

Increased bone width
Diabetes - High GH - IR increases liver glucose production and decreases glucose uptake

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4
Q

What causes GH deficiency?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

High GHRH
Low GH
Low IGF-1
Low Somatostatin
Low Blood Glucose
Low Free Fatty Acids
High Amino Acids

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5
Q

What causes GH receptor deficiency?

GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids

A

High GHRH
High GH
Low IGF-1
Low SS
Low Blood Glucose
Low FFA
High Amino Acids

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6
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

Under active thyroid
Thyroid antibodies damage thyroid
Slows down metabolic processes

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7
Q

What are the primary causes Hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid failure (or pituitary/hypothalamic failure)
Iodine insufficiency
↓T3 and T4
↑TSH
Feedback doesn’t work

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A

Fatigue, Lethargy
Weight Gain
Cold intolerance (↓BMR)
Muscle aches, stiffness
Somnolence (Drowsiness)
Mental Slowness
Depression
Slow reflexes
Constipation
Dry Skin
Thinning Hair

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9
Q

What causes Secondary Hypothyroidism?

A

↓TSH
↓T3 & T4

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10
Q

What is Primary Hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine Insufficiecy
Hasiomoto’s Thyroiditis
Primary failure of target organ

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11
Q

What causes Primary Hypothyroidism?

A

↓T3 & T4
↑TSH

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12
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excess hormones (overactive thyroid)
speed up metabolic processes

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13
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease
↑T3 & T4
↓TSH
Toxic Adenoma
Feedback failure
Excess TSH or TRH

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14
Q

What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Nervousness
Insomnia
Anxiety
Restlessness
Sweating
Irritability
Heat Intolerance (↑BMR)
Tremor
Weight Loss
Palpitations/Tachycardia
Increased Defecation
Goiter
Bruit
Graves Disease
Fatigue
Exopthalamos (bulging eyes)

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15
Q

What is Secondary Hyperthyroidism?

A

Autonomous secretion of Tropic Hormone
Excess TSH or TRH
No Feedback

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16
Q

What causes Secondary Hyperthyroidism?

A

↑TSH
↑T3 & T4

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17
Q

What is Primary Hyperthyroidism?

A

Autonomous secretion of target organ
Constant stimulation
Graves Disease - Goiter

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18
Q

What causes Primary Hyperthyroidism?

A

↑T3 & T4
↓TSH

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19
Q

What are symptoms of Congenital Hypothyroidism?

A

Short Stature
Malformed Legs
Dull expression
Intellectual disabilities
Delayed Puberty
Muscle Weakness

20
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies target thyroid receptor activating TH synthesis and stimulate thyroid gland

21
Q

What are symptoms of Grave’s Disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Weightloss
Heat intolerance
Exopthalmos

22
Q

What is Ketoacidosis?

A

Produce Ketone bodies in the absence of insulin

23
Q

What are symptoms of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Hypothyroidism
↓Metabolic rate
Weight gain
Fatigue
Puffy face

24
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency
Problem in adrenal gland
Not enough cortisol to inhibit pituitary

25
Q

What are symptoms of Addion’s Disease?

A

Hypotension
Muscle weakness
Hypoglycemia
Hyperpigmentation

26
Q

What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Lack of ACTH
Drugs
↓Cortisol
Tumors
Infections of pituitary

27
Q

What are symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s w/o hypertension
Mild orthostatic hypotension
Poor stress response

28
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolism
↑ACTH secretion

29
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Selective accumulation of abdominal fta and loss of musculature on extremities
Muscle wasting/weakness
Insulin Resistance - Type II Diabetes
Thin skin/ abdominal straie
Hypertension
Truncual obesity
Gonadal Dysfunction
Moon face
Osteoporosis
Acne
↑Cortisol
↑Plasma Glucose

30
Q

What is Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A

Congenital enzyme deficiency blocks cortisol production
absence of cortisol

31
Q

What are symptoms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A

↑ACTH Secretion
Adrenal Corticol Growth
↑Androgens
↓Corticosteroids

32
Q

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?

A

Implantation of embryo outside the uterus
Fallopian Tube
Abdomen
Cervix

33
Q

What occurs in an XY person with Androgen Insensitivity?

A

Androgen Receptor Malfunction
Lack of Testosterone
Lack of development of male traits

34
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Nervous and hormonal responses result in a state of intense readiness with fuel mobilized for use

35
Q

What are symptoms of PCOS?

A

High LH
Low FSH
Insufficient Progesterone
Difficulty conceiving and maintaing pregancy
↓Estrogens
↑Androgens
Failure to ovulate

36
Q

What occurs in an XX fetus whose mother has excess testosterone?

A

Fetus can develop male traits
Issues with fallopian tube development

37
Q

What happens to a fetus whose mother has hypothyroidism and is T3 deficient in utero?

A

Impaired growth of cerebral and cerebellar cortez
Impaired proliferation of axons and branching dendrites
Impaired myelinization
Irreversible brain damage if not treated immediately after birth
↓RNA/protein content
↓Protein synthesis
↓Enzymes for DNA synthesis
↓NT receptors
↓NT synthesis

38
Q

What is Type I Diabetes?

A

Not enough insulin is produced - exogenous source neded
High blood glucose
abrupt autoimmune response

↓Insulin ↑Glucose

39
Q

What are symptoms of Type I Diabetes?

A

Insulin sensitive tissues
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia

40
Q

What is Type II Diabetes?

A

↑Insulin levels due to poor tissue response
Unable to use insulin effectively
↑Insulin ↑Glucose

41
Q

What are symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Microvascular diseases
Macrovascular diseases
Insulin resistance
Hepatic glucose production enhanced - muscle glucose uptake impaired
Fatigue, Sores that dont heal, Numbness

42
Q

What causes Type II Diabetes?

A

Obesity
Nutrition - diet changes can prevent
Age
Inactivity

43
Q

Microvascular Diseases

A

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy

44
Q

Macrovascular Diseases

A

Cornary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular disease

45
Q

Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

Abdominal Pain
Nausea
Vomiting

46
Q

Dwarfism due to Pituitary Dysfunction

A

↑GHRH seretion
↓Plasma IGF-1
↓Fasting Plasma [Glucose]
↓GH synthesis and secretion

47
Q

What causes a patient to have myedema and lethargy with low TSH that responds to additions of TRH?

A

Hypothyroidism with abnormaility in hypothalamus

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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