Endocrine - Diseases Flashcards
What is Acromegaly?
Hormone disorder caused by excess GH
What causes Acromegaly?
GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids
Low GHRH
High GH
High IGF-1
High Somatostatin
High Blood Glucose
High Free Fatty Acids
Low Amino Acids
Symptoms of Acromegaly
Increased bone width
Diabetes - High GH - IR increases liver glucose production and decreases glucose uptake
What causes GH deficiency?
GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids
High GHRH
Low GH
Low IGF-1
Low Somatostatin
Low Blood Glucose
Low Free Fatty Acids
High Amino Acids
What causes GH receptor deficiency?
GHRH, GH, IGF-1, SS, Blood Glucose, FFA, Amino Acids
High GHRH
High GH
Low IGF-1
Low SS
Low Blood Glucose
Low FFA
High Amino Acids
What is Hypothyroidism?
Under active thyroid
Thyroid antibodies damage thyroid
Slows down metabolic processes
What are the primary causes Hypothyroidism?
Thyroid failure (or pituitary/hypothalamic failure)
Iodine insufficiency
↓T3 and T4
↑TSH
Feedback doesn’t work
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Fatigue, Lethargy
Weight Gain
Cold intolerance (↓BMR)
Muscle aches, stiffness
Somnolence (Drowsiness)
Mental Slowness
Depression
Slow reflexes
Constipation
Dry Skin
Thinning Hair
What causes Secondary Hypothyroidism?
↓TSH
↓T3 & T4
What is Primary Hypothyroidism?
Iodine Insufficiecy
Hasiomoto’s Thyroiditis
Primary failure of target organ
What causes Primary Hypothyroidism?
↓T3 & T4
↑TSH
What is hyperthyroidism?
Excess hormones (overactive thyroid)
speed up metabolic processes
What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease
↑T3 & T4
↓TSH
Toxic Adenoma
Feedback failure
Excess TSH or TRH
What are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Nervousness
Insomnia
Anxiety
Restlessness
Sweating
Irritability
Heat Intolerance (↑BMR)
Tremor
Weight Loss
Palpitations/Tachycardia
Increased Defecation
Goiter
Bruit
Graves Disease
Fatigue
Exopthalamos (bulging eyes)
What is Secondary Hyperthyroidism?
Autonomous secretion of Tropic Hormone
Excess TSH or TRH
No Feedback
What causes Secondary Hyperthyroidism?
↑TSH
↑T3 & T4
What is Primary Hyperthyroidism?
Autonomous secretion of target organ
Constant stimulation
Graves Disease - Goiter
What causes Primary Hyperthyroidism?
↑T3 & T4
↓TSH
What are symptoms of Congenital Hypothyroidism?
Short Stature
Malformed Legs
Dull expression
Intellectual disabilities
Delayed Puberty
Muscle Weakness
What is Graves Disease?
Autoimmune disorder where antibodies target thyroid receptor activating TH synthesis and stimulate thyroid gland
What are symptoms of Grave’s Disease?
Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Weightloss
Heat intolerance
Exopthalmos
What is Ketoacidosis?
Produce Ketone bodies in the absence of insulin
What are symptoms of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?
Hypothyroidism
↓Metabolic rate
Weight gain
Fatigue
Puffy face
What is Addison’s Disease?
Adrenocortical insufficiency
Problem in adrenal gland
Not enough cortisol to inhibit pituitary
What are symptoms of Addion’s Disease?
Hypotension
Muscle weakness
Hypoglycemia
Hyperpigmentation
What causes secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Lack of ACTH
Drugs
↓Cortisol
Tumors
Infections of pituitary
What are symptoms of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Addison’s w/o hypertension
Mild orthostatic hypotension
Poor stress response
What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?
Hypercortisolism
↑ACTH secretion
What are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Selective accumulation of abdominal fta and loss of musculature on extremities
Muscle wasting/weakness
Insulin Resistance - Type II Diabetes
Thin skin/ abdominal straie
Hypertension
Truncual obesity
Gonadal Dysfunction
Moon face
Osteoporosis
Acne
↑Cortisol
↑Plasma Glucose
What is Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia?
Congenital enzyme deficiency blocks cortisol production
absence of cortisol
What are symptoms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
↑ACTH Secretion
Adrenal Corticol Growth
↑Androgens
↓Corticosteroids
What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?
Implantation of embryo outside the uterus
Fallopian Tube
Abdomen
Cervix
What occurs in an XY person with Androgen Insensitivity?
Androgen Receptor Malfunction
Lack of Testosterone
Lack of development of male traits
General Adaptation Syndrome
Nervous and hormonal responses result in a state of intense readiness with fuel mobilized for use
What are symptoms of PCOS?
High LH
Low FSH
Insufficient Progesterone
Difficulty conceiving and maintaing pregancy
↓Estrogens
↑Androgens
Failure to ovulate
What occurs in an XX fetus whose mother has excess testosterone?
Fetus can develop male traits
Issues with fallopian tube development
What happens to a fetus whose mother has hypothyroidism and is T3 deficient in utero?
Impaired growth of cerebral and cerebellar cortez
Impaired proliferation of axons and branching dendrites
Impaired myelinization
Irreversible brain damage if not treated immediately after birth
↓RNA/protein content
↓Protein synthesis
↓Enzymes for DNA synthesis
↓NT receptors
↓NT synthesis
What is Type I Diabetes?
Not enough insulin is produced - exogenous source neded
High blood glucose
abrupt autoimmune response
↓Insulin ↑Glucose
What are symptoms of Type I Diabetes?
Insulin sensitive tissues
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia
What is Type II Diabetes?
↑Insulin levels due to poor tissue response
Unable to use insulin effectively
↑Insulin ↑Glucose
What are symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?
Microvascular diseases
Macrovascular diseases
Insulin resistance
Hepatic glucose production enhanced - muscle glucose uptake impaired
Fatigue, Sores that dont heal, Numbness
What causes Type II Diabetes?
Obesity
Nutrition - diet changes can prevent
Age
Inactivity
Microvascular Diseases
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Macrovascular Diseases
Cornary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Abdominal Pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Dwarfism due to Pituitary Dysfunction
↑GHRH seretion
↓Plasma IGF-1
↓Fasting Plasma [Glucose]
↓GH synthesis and secretion
What causes a patient to have myedema and lethargy with low TSH that responds to additions of TRH?
Hypothyroidism with abnormaility in hypothalamus
