Sinuses and horn Flashcards

1
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A
  • air filled diverticula of nasal cavity
  • lined by respiratory epithelium
  • innervated from opthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve
  • considerable species variation but all have frontal and maxillary systems (divided into many smaller connecting sinuses)
  • separate on left and right side of the head
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2
Q

what are the functions of the sinuses

A
  • resonte voice within cavities
  • insulation/cooling of the brain
  • reduces weight of the skull
  • increases insertion surfaces
  • provides space for teeth
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3
Q

what is important to remember about the sinuses in the cow

A

the frontal sinus extends into the horn

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4
Q

describe the locations of the frontal and maxillary sinuses

A
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5
Q

what are the 6 different sinuses of the horse

A

2 frontal sinuses:
1. frontal
2. dorsal conchal

4 maxillary sinuses
1. rostral maxillary
2. caudal maxillary
3. ventral conchal
4. sphenopalatine

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6
Q

describe the pathway of sinus drainage in the horse

A
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7
Q

what is the likely cause of maxillary sinusitis and why

A

tooth root issues because the maxillary sinuses are often where tooth roots are stores (especially in young horses)

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8
Q

how does sinus disease usually present

A

chronic unilateral purulent nasal discharge +/- facial swelling
- primary sinusitis (bacterial) or secondary sinusitis (due to dental issues, cysts or neoplasia)

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9
Q

how does fluid in the sinuses present on a radiograph

A

fluid shows as a horizontal grey line (fluid more radiopaque than air) within dark areas of air in the sinuses

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10
Q

what is sinus trephination and what is it used for (what do you need to avoid)

A

drilling a hole into the sinuses. useful for flushing sinuses
careful to avoid nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

describe the horns and how the sinuses are important when dehorning

A
  • made of keratin
  • frontal sinus extends into base of horn
  • opened during dehorning adult cattle allowing animal to breath through the horn. this predisposes them to sinus infection as debris can reach the sinuses
  • important to disbud within 1 week of age to prevent horn from developing
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12
Q

describe the innervation of the horn

A

nerves branch from trigeminal nerve
- cornual nerve (halfway between lateral canthus and horn base (along ridge of frontal bone)
- cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve (located between medial canthus and medial horn base
- frontal nerve
- branches from C1 and C2`

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13
Q

what nerve blocks do you need to use in calves

A

cornual nerve block only
burn off bud

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14
Q

what nerve blocks do you need to use in cattle and goats and how do you remove the horn

A
  • cornual and cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve blocks
  • may also need to block region caudal to horn

fetotomy wire helps cauterise blood vessels as you move through, but still need iron to close sinus as it is opened when the horn is removed

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15
Q

what do you need to be careful about when disbudding kids

A

frontal sinus is very small and too much heat can damage the brain

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16
Q

what is the blood supply to the horns

A

ruminants:
- branch off maxillary artery
- superficial temporal artery
- cornual artery