Formative and things I need to know better Flashcards
In increase in heart rate is known as what effect
chronotropic effect
and increase in contractility (force of contraction) is known as what
inotropic effect
does adrenaline have chronotropic (increase HR) or inotropic (increase contractility) effects
BOTH
results in increased stroke volume and therefore CO
increased CO increases MAP back toward normal
name the type of cells that secretes antibodies
plasma cells (B cells are differentiated into plasma cells and memory B-cells. Plasma B cells secrete antibodies
what is the name of the erythrocyte precursor that contains ribosomal remnants
reticulocytes
reticulocytes are the cells that are made in the bone marrow that still contain nuclei before they are fully matured into erythrocytes (RBCs) -> erythropoetin is the secretion that stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow
where are T cells predominantly located in the lymph node
in the paracortex
where are B cells predominantly found in the lymph node
in the cortex (cortex is B cell centre)
where in the body responds to high concentrations of carbon dioxide to stimulate ventilation
aortic body
where in relation to the ribs do the intercostal arteries lie
caudal
in mammalian cardiac muscle, contraction is activated primarily by release of calcium from which membrane-bound structure?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what structure protects the airway from the aspiration of foo
larynx/pharynx
what structure in the respiratory tract is covered by ciliated columnar epithelium
trachea
what region in the respiratory tract is rich with macrophages
upper lung
what region in the respiratory tract is responisble for filtration of larger particles from the air
the nares and nasal cavities
what monitoring modality provides a beat by beat indication of the systolic arterial blood pressure
airect arterial blood pressure determination
what monitoring modality is the most accurate non invasive method for estimation of mean arterial blood presure
oscilometric blood pressure measurement
what monitoring modality provides the earliest warning that breathing is inadequate during anasethesia
capnography
which parasite species is an atypical strongyloid nematode since L1-L3 development occurs inside the egg
Syngamus trachea
which species of nematode causes ocular larval migrans of humans
toxocara canis
which species of parasite causes disease in horses which are kept on pasture with donkeys
dictyocaulus arnfeldi
which species of parasite characteristically causes right sided heart disease in its host
dirofilaria immitis
via which structure of the nasal cavity are the paranasal sinuses ventilated
middle nasal meatus
which nasaal conchae are lined by olfactory epithelium
middle nasal concha
which molecules for a complex to present non-self antigen to T-helper cells
MHC class II and peptide
what do the circled structures represent in this section of a lymph node
high endothelial venules
the characteristic phenotype of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte is:
MHCI restricted CD8+/CD4-
what cell is an antigen presenting cell
dendritic cells are specialized groups of antigen presenting cells
which cell type is most abundant in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of the spleen
B-lymphocytes
which term describes the process by which neutrophils move through the peripheral blood epithelium
diapedesis
what is the normal response to a metabolic acidosis due to aspirin poisoning
decreased renal excretion of bicarbonate and hyperventilation
(too much H+ ions, need to retain bicarb to buffer -> hyperventilation to remove CO2
which heart sound generates the fourth heart sound in the horse
atrial contraction
- S1 is early ventricular contraction, AV closure, ejection w/semilunar opening.
- S2 associated with closing of semilunar valves and back flow of blood.
- S3 is associated with vibration of ventricular wall during passive filling of ventricle and is best heard over the apex with the bell of the stethoscope.
- S4 is the atrial contraction sound
what generates the T wave of the electrocardiogram
repolarisation of the ventricles
P wave = depolarisation of atrium
QRS = depolarisation of ventricles
T= repolarisation of ventricles
dont see repolarisation of atrium as is covered up by depolarisation of ventricles
which mechanism brings about expiration in the dog at rest
the elastic recoil of the lung
how is the genetic material of influenza virus arranged
they possess several segments of single stranded RNA
what cellular mechanism results in an increase in rate of relaxation of cardiac muscle in response to sympathetic stimulation
increased rate of calcium transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
what is the conducting tissue of the heart composed of
modified heart muscle
what cells make surfactant
type 2 pneumocytes in the lung
