Formative and things I need to know better

Question 1

In increase in heart rate is known as what effect

Answer 1

chronotropic effect

Question 2

and increase in contractility (force of contraction) is known as what

Answer 2

inotropic effect

Question 3

does adrenaline have chronotropic (increase HR) or inotropic (increase contractility) effects

Answer 3

BOTH
results in increased stroke volume and therefore CO
increased CO increases MAP back toward normal

Question 4

name the type of cells that secretes antibodies

Answer 4

plasma cells (B cells are differentiated into plasma cells and memory B-cells. Plasma B cells secrete antibodies

Question 5

what is the name of the erythrocyte precursor that contains ribosomal remnants

Answer 5

reticulocytes
reticulocytes are the cells that are made in the bone marrow that still contain nuclei before they are fully matured into erythrocytes (RBCs) -> erythropoetin is the secretion that stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow

Question 6

where are T cells predominantly located in the lymph node

Answer 6

in the paracortex

Question 7

where are B cells predominantly found in the lymph node

Answer 7

in the cortex (cortex is B cell centre)

Question 8

where in the body responds to high concentrations of carbon dioxide to stimulate ventilation

Answer 8

aortic body

Question 9

where in relation to the ribs do the intercostal arteries lie

Answer 9

caudal

Question 10

in mammalian cardiac muscle, contraction is activated primarily by release of calcium from which membrane-bound structure?

Answer 10

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

what structure protects the airway from the aspiration of foo

Answer 11

larynx/pharynx

Question 12

what structure in the respiratory tract is covered by ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 12

trachea

Question 13

what region in the respiratory tract is rich with macrophages

Answer 13

upper lung

Question 14

what region in the respiratory tract is responisble for filtration of larger particles from the air

Answer 14

the nares and nasal cavities

Question 15

what monitoring modality provides a beat by beat indication of the systolic arterial blood pressure

Answer 15

airect arterial blood pressure determination

Question 16

what monitoring modality is the most accurate non invasive method for estimation of mean arterial blood presure

Answer 16

oscilometric blood pressure measurement

Question 17

what monitoring modality provides the earliest warning that breathing is inadequate during anasethesia

Answer 17

capnography

Question 18

which parasite species is an atypical strongyloid nematode since L1-L3 development occurs inside the egg

Answer 18

Syngamus trachea

Question 19

which species of nematode causes ocular larval migrans of humans

Answer 19

toxocara canis

Question 20

which species of parasite causes disease in horses which are kept on pasture with donkeys

Answer 20

dictyocaulus arnfeldi

Question 21

which species of parasite characteristically causes right sided heart disease in its host

Answer 21

dirofilaria immitis

Question 22

via which structure of the nasal cavity are the paranasal sinuses ventilated

Answer 22

middle nasal meatus

Question 23

which nasaal conchae are lined by olfactory epithelium

Answer 23

middle nasal concha

Question 24

which molecules for a complex to present non-self antigen to T-helper cells

Answer 24

MHC class II and peptide

Question 25

what do the circled structures represent in this section of a lymph node

Answer 25

high endothelial venules

Question 26

the characteristic phenotype of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte is:

Answer 26

MHCI restricted CD8+/CD4-

Question 27

what cell is an antigen presenting cell

Answer 27

dendritic cells are specialized groups of antigen presenting cells

Question 28

which cell type is most abundant in periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths of the spleen

Answer 28

B-lymphocytes

Question 29

which term describes the process by which neutrophils move through the peripheral blood epithelium

Answer 29

diapedesis

Question 30

what is the normal response to a metabolic acidosis due to aspirin poisoning

Answer 30

decreased renal excretion of bicarbonate and hyperventilation
(too much H+ ions, need to retain bicarb to buffer -> hyperventilation to remove CO2

Question 31

which heart sound generates the fourth heart sound in the horse

Answer 31

atrial contraction
- S1 is early ventricular contraction, AV closure, ejection w/semilunar opening.
- S2 associated with closing of semilunar valves and back flow of blood.
- S3 is associated with vibration of ventricular wall during passive filling of ventricle and is best heard over the apex with the bell of the stethoscope.
- S4 is the atrial contraction sound

Question 32

what generates the T wave of the electrocardiogram

Answer 32

repolarisation of the ventricles
P wave = depolarisation of atrium
QRS = depolarisation of ventricles
T= repolarisation of ventricles
dont see repolarisation of atrium as is covered up by depolarisation of ventricles

Question 33

which mechanism brings about expiration in the dog at rest

Answer 33

the elastic recoil of the lung

Question 34

how is the genetic material of influenza virus arranged

Answer 34

they possess several segments of single stranded RNA

Question 35

what cellular mechanism results in an increase in rate of relaxation of cardiac muscle in response to sympathetic stimulation

Answer 35

increased rate of calcium transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

what is the conducting tissue of the heart composed of

Answer 36

modified heart muscle

Question 37

what cells make surfactant

Answer 37

type 2 pneumocytes in the lung