avian respiration Flashcards

1
Q

list structures in avian anatomy involved in respiration

A
  • nasal cavity (conchae, sinus, choana)
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • syrinx
  • lungs (bronchi, gas exchange tissue)
  • air sacs
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2
Q

label the concha of the avian nasal cavity

A
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3
Q

what is the arrow pointing to

A

infraorbital sinus

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4
Q

what is this structure and what does it do? why is it clincally relevant

A

connects trachea to sinuses
where you would want to swab for respiratory infections in birds

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5
Q

what is this structure and why is it clincally significant

A

glottis. very easy to see and therefore intubate

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6
Q

how is the avian trachea shaped and what advantage does this structure give the bird

A

the cartilage rings of a bird’s trachea are completely closed and interlapped (rather than C shaped rings in mammals). this makes the avian trachea very rigid to prevent distension and collapse
however - must be careful in terms of intubation DO NOT use ET tube with inflatable cuff in birds

trachea is also very long - makes it easy for infections to occur here

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the syrinx in birds

A

Where they produce sound located at bifurcation of trachea

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7
Q

describe the structure of avian lungs

A

branching
- have primary bronchus
- 4 sets of secondary bronchi
- parabronchi (site of gas exchange)

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8
Q

what are air sacs and how do they aid avian respiration

A

air sacs are thin membranned tissue that are empty inside and filled with air. they help to make the bird lighter for flight and act as reservoirs of air
- poorly vascularised
- have 9 air sacs
- connected to pneumatic bones (bones filled with air to make brd lighter)
- evaporate heat loss
- help produce sound

however also good place for bacteria to grow and can form granulomas

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9
Q

describe how air flows through the URT system and into the lungs and airsacs

A

birds dont have diaphragm so rely on movement of thorax during inspiration and expiration to pull air in and push it out (CR: dont squeeze birds as will die)
air inflow: sternum moves forward and down, ribs move cranially, lowering the pressure and air sacs expand. air rishes into trachea, then primary bronchi to lungs and caudal/cranial air sacs
air outflow: sternum moves back up, ribs move caudally, decreasing volume and forcing air out of air sacs
-caudal sacs empty into lungs, lungs and cranial sacs empty into trachea and out of body

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10
Q

describe how gas exchange occurs in birds

A
  • cross current blood flow
  • one way airflow
  • 10 times surface of exchange
  • continuous exchange

allows for optimized system

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11
Q

list the pneumatic bones in birds and how are they clinically relevant

A

reduce weight to make flying easier
- skull
- humerus
- clavicle
- keel
- pelvic girdle
- vertebrae

CR: air sacs are connected to pneumatic bones therefore must take care with placing intraosseous catheters as can cause aspiration of any fluids administered through them

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