head anatomy workbook

Question 1

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Answer 1

Question 2

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Answer 2

Question 3

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Answer 3

Question 4

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Answer 4

Question 5

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Answer 5

Question 6

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Answer 6

1. septum nasi
2. Dorsal meatus
3. Middle meatus
4. Ventral meatus
5. Common meatus
6. Cavity of dorsal turbinate bone
7. Cavity of ventral turbinate bone
8. Maxillary sinus

Question 7

Where would you pass a naso-gastric tube or endoscope?

Answer 7

Ventral meatus

Question 8

What bony structures form the dorsal and nasal conchae?

Answer 8

Ethmoid bone

Question 9

With which other sinus does the frontal sinus directly communicate?

Answer 9

dorsal conchal sinus

Question 10

On the following images indicate the locations of the frontal, rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses

Answer 10

Question 11

how do secretions drain from the paranasal sinuses in the horse

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe the path of the nasolacrimal duct and infraorbital canal

Answer 12

Nasolacrimal duct:
Drainage from the medial canthos to nasal cavity:
Nasal punctae
Runs with maxilla and maxillary sinus

Question 13

what structures pass through the infraorbital canal

Answer 13

the maxillary nerve

Question 14

Identify the following structures on this endoscopic image of a horse’s larynx
- epiglottis
- arytenoid cartilage
- vestibular fold
- vocal fold

Answer 14

Question 15

what muscles open the glottis

Answer 15

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis opens the glottis- abducts vocal chords
The larynx moves up and tips the epiglottis over the trachea, opens up glottis

Question 16

what muscle closed the glottis

Answer 16

Cricoarytenoideus lateralis (Cricoarytenoid muscle)

Question 17

what nerve controls laryngeal function

Answer 17

vagus nerve

Question 18

What is the path of the nerves that control laryngeal function?

Answer 18

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis is supplies by recurrent laryngeal nn.

Question 19

what is laryngeal hemiplasia in the horse

Answer 19

The term “Roarer” refers to horses with a condition called Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (RLN) or Laryngeal Hemiplegia which affect the upper airway of the horse. The term “Roarer” is used because of the noise that is often heard by horses with this condition during work, or strenuous exercise. This disease causes a decrease in airflow to the lungs and can cause exercise intolerance. RLN is caused by paralysis of one or both of these cartilages (called the arytenoid cartilage) due to lack of innervation causing atrophy to the muscle that moves the arytenoid cartilage (Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis). The left arytenoid cartilage is the most common side affected (up to 95%). In a normal horse, the arytenoids allow maximal airflow into the trachea during abduction. Horses with RLN have paralysis of the arytenoid cartilage, which prevents them from abducting or opening their throat during inspiration. This leads to decreased airflow into the lungs due to obstruction from the paralyzed cartilage resulting in respiratory noise and exercise intolerance.

Question 20

list the order of the structures of the hyoid apparatus and its articulation to the skull and larynx

Answer 20

Question 21

which nerve controls facial movement? what symptoms would you expect to see if there was a lesion to this nerve

Answer 21

Facial nerve, CN VII

Facial paralysis on one side of the face
Drool
Reduced movement of eyelids, eyes, lips and nostrils

Question 22

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Answer 22

MC- medial compartment
LC- lateral compartment
X- Vagus nerve
XII- hypoglossal nerve
IX- glossopharyngeal nerve
ST- sympathetic trunk
IC/EC internal/external carotid arteries
SH- stylohoid boné

Question 23

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Answer 23

1. Dorsal concha
2. Ventral concha
3. Ethmoidal chonchae
4. Vomer bone
5. Frontal sinus
6. Hard plate
7. Soft plate
8. Orifice of the auditory tube on the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. At this place, an endoscope can be passed into the guttural pouch.
9. Stylohyoid bone
10. Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes adjacent to the ventral wall of the guttural pouch
11. Cricoid cartilage
12. Cricoid cartilage - ventral
13. Trachea
14. Ossified rostral edge of the thyroid cartilage
15. Basihyoid bone
16. • palatine bone