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Farm Animal Final Year > Sheep lameness > Flashcards

Sheep lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sheep industry in great britain?

A
  • Approximately 14 million breeding ewes
  • Produce lamb for home market & export
  • Wool -very little value
  • Average flock size of 210 ewes

but ~10% of flocks are more than 500 ewes & >50% of ewes are within these larger flocks

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2
Q

What is the prevelance of lameness in sheep in GB?

A

Farmer reported

  • 1994 ~ 10% flock lame at any time
  • 2004 ~ 10%
  • 2014 ~3.5%

FAWC recommendation to reduce to 5% by 2016 & to 2% by 2021

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3
Q

What is the impact of lameness?

A
  • If lame ‘chronically’ – hyperalgesia
  • If lame for >5 days
  • Reduced body condition
  • Increased ewe deaths
  • Increased infertility
  • Reduced litter sizes
  • Reduced growth rates in lambs
  • One flock 6 –8% lame, 17 (10%) fewer lambs reared / 100 ewes mated
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4
Q

Discuss the welfare of ovine lameness in UK?

A

WELFARE

  • Lameness is painful!
  • Detrimental effects on bodyweight & lamb growth rates.

COSTS

  • Annually in the UK:
  • One million ewes & half a million lambs are affected by foot rot alone. £80M/year
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5
Q

How can lameness be scored?

A
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6
Q

Recognise causes of lameness in images?

A
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7
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Scald / Strip/interdigital dermatitis

Clinical signs

  • Inflammation of skin between claws
  • Reddening
  • Paste
  • White / grey scum
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8
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Footrot

  • Smell
  • Grey ooze
  • Under running of hoof horn near to skin between claws
  • Under-running of horn anywhere
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9
Q

Discuss footrot?

A
  • Footrot is the commonest cause of lameness Dichelobacter nodosus present on 97% of farms
  • It used to be thought that Interdigital dermatitis (ID) (scald) was caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and then Dichelobacter involvement led to Foot rot ..but evidence suggests this is not the case!
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10
Q

What should the control measures be for lameness?

A

Farmers treating ID and FR as one disease report lower prevalence of lameness (3% vs 10%)

Sheep with ID might be most infectious sheep

Control measures should be:

  • targeted at sheep with ID as well as VFR
  • Treat and separate from flock to prevent environmental accumulation of D. nodosus and further sheep-sheep transmission
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11
Q

Compare F necrophorumor amd D nodosus??

A
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12
Q

What is this?

A

CODD (contagious ovine digital dermatitis)

  • Highly invasive and painful starting with a lesion at coronary band.
  • Rapid invasion and underrunning of hoof wall.
  • May be no involvement of interdigital space .
  • Often >30% of flock in first year & then settles to ~2% lame sheep
  • Spirochaetes/treponemes involved but often mixed infection with D nodosus
  • Requires long-acting injectable antibiotic (egTilmicosin)
  • Oxytetracyclinestill effective on some farms but must use topical antibiotic as well –spray, dry, spray again.
  • Also antibiotic footbath (Lincocin, Erythromycin or Tylan soluble (1g/l)) useful for control but off data sheet
  • Quarantine important
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13
Q

What is this?

A

Toe granuloma

  • Inflamed granulomatous tissue coming out from under horn
  • From snipping into sensitive part of toe or chronic unresolved footrot
  • Very difficult to treat
  • Don’t cut it off without a tourniquet or it will bleed profusely.
  • Use local anaesthetic
  • Can cauterise the granuloma site with a hot iron
  • (nb keep clean!) & pack with copper sulphate crystals.
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14
Q

What is this?

A

White line disease

Defect on abaxial solar surface of horn at junction of wall and sole.

Two distinct presentations:

1 . Shelly hoof

  1. Toe abscess
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15
Q

Discuss shelly hoof type white line disease?

A

Shelly hoof

  • Soil or debris accumulates laterally at white line
  • Seen as black half moon if pared away
  • Often causes no lameness
  • However may lead to acute lameness if pus forms and damage and inflammation affects deeper laminae
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16
Q

Discuss toe abscess type white line disease?

A

Toe abscess

  • Usual presentation is that of sudden onset extreme lameness with pain & heat but no obvious swelling
  • Pus tracks up & breaks out at coronary band.
  • Small localised black spot seen at white line if foot is carefully pared
  • If possible avoid parenteral antibiotics until the pus has burst out –poultice the foot to encourage this
17
Q

Discuss foot abscesses further?

A
  • Deep sepsis of the distal inter- phalangeal joint
  • Often a sequel to trauma or infection or even following excessively strong foot-bathing
  • Usually extreme pain, swelling, heat and discharging sinus at the coronary band or interdigital space
  • Usual course of action is to surgically amputate the digit though if caught early enough there may be success with antibiotic flushing
18
Q

What are the effective measures to lower FR or ID?

A
  • Isolation of new stock
  • Separation and treatment
    • All clinically diseased sheep
    • All current recommendations (injection and spray)
  • More treatment types farmer used on all sheep associated with low prevalence of FR
19
Q

How should sheep with foot rot be managed?

A

Trimming horn delays healing

  • Hypothesis: foot is inflamed and swollen and trimming removes sensitive tissue that would mend –longer time to recovery

Without antibiotics

  • Does not clear D. nodosus and so further footrot occurs –Damages foot and leads to further disease
20
Q

What is the correlation between infection and feet trimming?

A
21
Q

Is routine foot trimming detrimental?

A
  • RFT appears neither beneficial nor detrimental if done to carefully to return foot to normal shape
  • Over trimming during RFT leads to lameness
  • Previous associations with RFT
    • Farmers using RFT instead of treatment?
    • Farmers trimming badly?
22
Q

Is routine foot trimming worthwhile?

A
  • Good RFT technique is important but good RFT probably ineffective
  • RFT estimated to take 1 hour/15 sheep, 500 sheep 1 man working week
  • Whole flock inspection without trimming could reduce lame sheep by early treatment
23
Q

What is the best practice for foot rot treatment?

A

The Five Point Plan

1. Avoid spread of infection (in gateways, at gatherings)

2. Treat individuals quickly and effectively

3. Quarantine bought-in sheep

4. Cull out persistent offenders

5. Vaccinate to protect against foot rot

24
Q

Discuss point 1 of the 5 point plan in treating foot rot?

A

1. Avoid spread

Bacteria spread in wet muddy soiled areas

Think about gateways, troughs, gathering, handling Separate (& treat) lame or sheep with lesions

Footbath clean group -if good facilities

25
Q

Discuss footbathing and foot rot in lambs?

A
  • Footbath to manage scald/foot rot epidemics in lambs Good facilities
  • Clean feet before footbathing
  • Stand on hard surface after footbathing
  • Follow the instructions of the products used -
    • 10% zinc sulphate for at least 2 minutes
    • 3% (no stronger!) formalin as a walk-through
  • Use -for lambs with scald or to control spread after handling

NB foot-bathing is NOT EFFECTIVE to treat footrot Flock Health Ltd

26
Q

Discuss point 2 of the five point plan for treating foot rot?

A

2. Treat quickly

Catch lame sheep (within 3 days – even if mild Catch, Inspect, Diagnose Treat appropriately Mark and record

Topical antibiotic

Spray, allow to dry & re-spray AND

Injectable antibiotic

Essential for foot rot & CODD ie always inject if hoof lifting (even lambs –check w/d)

27
Q

Discuss point 3 of the 5 point plan to treat foot rot?

A
  1. Quarantine

…to avoid CODD & virulent foot rot

  • Buy in from known source
  • Reject lame sheep
  • Ask about vendors vaccination status & lameness policy

Quarantine incomers for 3 weeks

  • Inspect all feet and footbath / treat on arrival
  • Treat promptly if become lame
  • Discuss vaccination with vet
  • Only add to flock once you are sure
28
Q

Discuss point 4 of the 5 point foot rot plan?

A

4. Cull

  • Persistently lame ewes spread lameness & cost £££s
  • Don’t breed from these sheep
  • Keep records of all lame sheep! BE TOUGH – 2 or 3 strikes and she is out…….
29
Q

Discuss point 5 of the 5 point plan to treat foot rot?

A
  1. Vaccinate against footrot
  • Multivalent vaccine containing all UK strains of foot rot
  • Discuss strategic use and timings
  • Two doses (4 wksto 6 months apart & a single dose every year just before the risk period for that farm.
  • Very useful as part of a control package ~£1 per 1ml dose

NB

1. Can cause swelling & colouring of wool at injection site –care with show sheep!

2. Due to the same carrier system, moxidectin1% should not be given to sheep previously vaccinated with Footvax

30
Q

What to do if lameness levels are too high?

A
31
Q

What are the costs of lameness?

A

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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