Farm Assurance COPY Flashcards
What happened in 1996 which had a major impact on the farming industry, profession, practice and science?
10 cases of nVCJD and link with BSE and nvCJD reported in Parliament
= A disease of cattle became a potential disease that may wipe out 20,000 people
What was the impact of “mad cow disease” on the consumer?(6)
- Horror
- Betrayal
- Distrust
- Reduced consumption of meat
- Scepticism of scientists and politicians
- Media field day
After BSE, how do we restore consumer confidence? (5)
- Eradication of BSE
- Compliance with regulation
- Increased enforcement and audit
- Assurance of production method
- Industry self regulation
What was the effect of BSE on farming? (5)
- Collapse of export markets
- Reduced value and prices for meat which has only just returned
- Reduced beef production within UK
- More imports of beef
- Some of these effects related to global over production of beef
What were the indirect effects of BSE on livestock farming? (4)
–Changes in livestock production systems
–Growth of alternative farming systems
–Farm assurance and product certification
–Development of the “precautionary principle” and extension of HACCP into food production
BSE:
A) What is the incubation period?
B) What is it caused by?
C) What is the source of infection?
D) When is there vertical transmission?
A) 5 years
B) Consuming BSE infected brain material
C) Feed contaminated with MBM
D) Later stage of disease
BSE:
A) When was it identified in the UK?
B) What fueled the cattle to cattle outbreak?
C) How did it spread to other countries?
A) 1986
B) Infected cattle entered animal and human food chain and recyclign of BSE catle fuelled his
C) Export of infected MBM or cattle
How does BSE go about infecting cattle?
- Cattle infected by oral ingestion of contaminated feed
- Enters lymphoid tissue
- Affects brain
- Clinical disease develops ~5 years after exposure
- Lymphoid tissues, brain spinal cord high risk tissues
How do we control BSE in cattle?
Prevent consumption of BSE infected material in food
How do we control BSE in humans?
Protect consumption of BSE infected cattle and/or high risk tissues
What were the early controls of BSE in 1988? (3)
- Ruminant feed ban to prevent recycling of disease through cattle population
- BSE notifiable and diseased animals prevented from entering food chain
- 50% compensation paid to farmers for clinical cases for first 18 months
What were the problems which meant ruminant food ban was not fully effective? (6)
- MAFF instructed no ruminant feed to be fed to cattle (RMBM)
- Unaware of how small infective dose
- Cross contamination in feed mills
- Farmers fed food destined for other species
- No recall of food so food fed after date on farms.
- How effective was the ban????
What were the problems with controls between 1988 and1990? (4)
- Ruminant MBM ban Removal of suspect cows 1988
- Low compensation for farmer potentially “hide” disease
- Cross contamination or ruminant feed failed to prevent BSE recyling
- Key control point not effective leading to Born after the Ban animals (BAB)
What happened from 1990 for the Removal of Specified Offal’s/ High Risk Material from animal/human feed chain?
- Staining of offal’s with Methylene Blue
- Tightening of meat inspection
- Key control point now audited rigorously by the Food Standards Agency
What happened to control BSE between 1990 and 1996? (5)
- Further tightening of controls but export of beef continued with farmer declarations of BSE freedom
- “BSE free” farms could export meat at higher price………
- Staining of SRM material to ensure compliance
- Ruminant MBM ban in the EU in 1994
- BSE developing in other EU countries
What has been the industry response to consumer demands?
- Many have left - farm numbers have declined
- Organic farming and alternative farming methods developed
- Farm Assurance schemes to specify production standards
- Market led production rather than production led market
What were the UK controls in:
A( 1988?
B) 1989?
C) 1990?
D) 1996?
E) 1996-2004?
a) No ruminant feed to ruminants, Removal of suspect cows
b) Removal of High Risk material from human feed chain
c) Removal of High Risk material from animal feed chain
d) Removal of any mammalian protein to farmed stock
e) No human consumption of cattle over 30months of age
What is the BSE surveilllance UK 2013?
- Testing of carcasses introduced as the main method to protect consumers
- Since March 2013 healthy animals no longer tested
- Testing restricted to “fallen” stock over 48 months
What has BSE done for the UK?
- Spent £4000 million pounds
- Dented the image of science and scientists
- Questioned food safety
- Fuelled a pan-European agro-economic crisis
- Split government departments, set government against agriculture.
- Mixed science, economics and politics
What has BSE done for us?
- Cleaned up the meat production industry
- Made producers aware of their responsibilities and consumer demands
- Created a national database and cattle identification system
- Induced farm assurance schemes and consumer awareness
- Proved the importance of legislation with enforcement
What increases the risk of campylobacter spread?
Process of overstocking and subsequent “thinning” out chickens
What is the National Dairy Farm Assured Scheme?
- Set up post BSE to provide a uniform standard
- Problem was that most farms had to pass!
- Farms are assessed and given non compliances
- 90 days to rectify
- Health Plan is one part of the process
- Vets are encouraged to engage in creating health plan annually
What is the point in the red tractor scheme?
Create standards for the industry groups to follow
How do we do herd health planning in the 21st century?
- Dairy Co mastitis control plan
- Myhealthyherd.com
What is developing bespoke sschemes and why does it happen?
- Certain major retailer or first purchaser have sought to strengthen the health planning process to provide stronger assurances to their consumers
- Higher milk prices are paid to certain groups dependent on them following certain procedures eg mobility scoring, etc
- Majority of emphasis currently is welfare assurance as these are most topical concerns for consumers
What scheme does tesco have?
Tesco has a direct contract to source milk from 800+farms based on location/ size/welfare
All farms have to meet Red Tractor standards, mobility score and milk record
Now extended to targets for Johne’s results, antibiotic controls, Health Outcomes and Health Index
Priorities are driven by consumer concerns
What is the tesco health plan?
- Relies on open disclosure between farmer and his purchaser for key health events and storage on a benchmarking database
- Compulsion to adopt Johne’s surveillance and to share disease status and achieve targets
- Revised welfare standards in 2018 e.g to ban use of single hutches, adopt targets for JD incidence and reduce antimicrobial
What are the aims of tescos standards?
Like lol do we even need this..
‘To satisfy consumers expectations with regard to high standards of animal welfare, food safety, food quality, environmental concerns and value for money.’
What do ensure standards have to be? (6)
- Simple to understand and measure
- Expressed, where possible, as a positive measure to help communication to farmer, Tesco and consumer.
- Relevant in terms of following themes
–consumer expectations, (brand protection)
–Milk quality (product quality, brand protection)
–Health and welfare ( farm business performance)
What is the tesco health index?
- Farm is scored in 5 categories(consumer, welfare, cow health, calf health, milk quality) to create a positive Health score
- Antibiotic treatments will trigger a negative score
- Weighting of negative score according to type of antibiotic used ( e.g. fluroquinolones, 4th generation cephalasporin strong negative score)
Who is the Uk’s largest milk processor?
Arla
What are the limitations of the traditional “end process” or inspection based models? (6)
- Consider responsibilities within the food chain?
- Ability to control key risks to consumers?
- Costs of testing?
- Reliability of process?
- Ability to reduce risk/ pathogen challenge to the consumer?
- Ability to control new or emerging risks at farm level?
What is LISA(Longitudinal integrated food assurance)? (3)
- Risk reduction through proactive management of risk at all points of the food chain
- Traceability throughout whole system is required
- Responsibility is assigned to all areas of food chain to minimise risks to the consumer
What is the aim of Salmonella Control in poultry? What is done?
- Aimed to reduce Salmonella in breeding flocks to less than 1% by 2009
- Flocks >350 birds. Breeding birds tested at 4 weeks of age and 2 weeks pre laying
- Test positive flocks culled with full compensation
What is the Salmonella control in pigs?
- Control program initiated 2002
- Based on Ab testing for salmonella on tissue samples from abbotoir
- Farms then graded on incidence
- Platinum=<10% test positive
- Level 1=< 50% samples +ve
- Level 2= 50-75% +ve
- Level 3=>75% positive
- Level 2 or higher need to have action plan implemented
Where are our sows kept?
59% indoors
41 % outdoors
What % of pigs are finished indoors?
97%
What was the target for the ZAP Salmonella Programme in June 2002?
To reduce the prevalence of salmonella in assured pigs at slaughter by 25%” in 3 years
Outline the ZAP Salmonella programme
•Meat samples collected by abattoirs
–Meat-juice ELISA based (Guildhay VETSIGNä VP020)
–Salmonella-mix ELISA
•Sampling programme
–1:50 pigs sampled initially
–From July 2003 - 3 per batch
–From 2007 – 15 samples per quarter
–diaphragm or neck muscle
–Voluntary sampling by abattoirs
What are the ZAP levels and what does this mean?
–June 2006
–Risk losing assurance status
- Level 3 : ³> (or equal to) 75% of samples tested positive
- Level 2 : <75% and ³ 50% samples positive
- Level 1 : <50% positive
What is the objective for Zoonoses National Control Programme for Salmonella in Pigs?
–Risk reduction for consumers from Salmonella in pig meat products
What is the strategy for Zoonoses National Control Programme for Salmonella in Pigs?
–A whole chain approach to risk reduction
–A focus on processors and producers working together to reduce Salmonella within supply chains
–Draw down advice and support for initiatives from ZNCP
What is the Basic approach of abattoir hygiene tool? (4)
- Split the production processes into distinct stages
- Review scientific literature and FSA project outputs relating to each stage
- Draw up best practices/proven hazards based on science (Salmonella)
- Using the opinion of experts
–Relatively rank each process stage
–Weight each stage based on the rankings
How can BPEX and FSA working on trials with abattoirs to look at potential ways to further reduce the risk of carcase contamination? (3)
–Anal Bunging - using plugs in the anus to reduce the leakage of faeces that can cause contamination of pig carcases.
–Scalding - optimise the temperature performance and energy costs of various commercial scalding systems.
–Singeing - measure carcase surface temperatures by infra-red thermometry following singeing to check whether the singeing process is good enough to control Salmonella risks. Develop recommendations on whether the equipment could be simply modified to raise the surface temperature
What is the Zoonoses National Control Programme for Salmonella in Pigs?
- From April 08, 4 meat-juice samples per month taken from sites supplying finishing pigs
- All herds have to have a Salmonella Control Plan
–Reviewed in detail annually, need to show progress
- No categorisation - recognition for best practice on units where <10% of samples positive
- Platinum Pigs award
- Sites receive reports 3 x per year giving actual results for last 4 months and rolling 12 months
- Continuous access online to results
- Requirement to supply result as part of FCI
–a focus of interaction between processor and producer
Read this as I have no idea how to FC this..
ZNCPig in abattoir - A measure of hazard control
- General theme of reward the “good” don’t punish the “bad”
- Risk-based approach; similar to HACCP but has a strict science base for hazards and scorings and is not just reliant on the opinions of people
- Inherent flexibility – if plants can prove new good practices; they can have additional questions and appropriate scorings
- Encouraged to work with supply chain on Salmonella control
When did salmonella control plans come in?
July 2002
What do all assured pig farms have?
Salmonella Control Plan?
Over the last 10 years what has been the change in prevalance of salmonella by salmonella meat juice ELISA?
No real change
What have replace MJE in salmonella?
Farm and abattoir risk assesment tools
What a load of rubbish
True.
