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Farm Animal Final Year > Large Animal Respiratory Parasites > Flashcards

Large Animal Respiratory Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What can lungworm have a serious impact on? (9)

A
  • Sustainable livestock industry
  • Agricultural economy via:
  • wool production
  • milk production
  • carcass quality
  • weight gain (inappetence or anorexia)
  • costs of drugs, labour and veterinary treatment
  • death or culling
  • fertility drops
  • calving periods extend
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2
Q

What is the most common respiratory disease in cattle in the UK?

A

Lungworm

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lungworm, hoose, husk, verminous pneumonia, parasitic pneumonia, parasitic bronchitis? (4)

A

Range from a mild cough with a slightly increased

breathing rate, to severe persistent coughing, with marked difficulty

in breathing and even death.

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4
Q

What is this?

A

Parasitic pneumonia

Egg deposition/newly hatched larvae

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5
Q

Label this image

A
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6
Q

What is this?

A

Adult lungworm in bronchi

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7
Q

What is this?

A

Emphysemic lung

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8
Q

What size are the male and female lungworm?

A

Female up to 8cm

Male up to 5 cm

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9
Q

What is the morphology of D. viviparus

A
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10
Q

What is the taxonomy of lungworm?

Note: Phylum (1), class (1), sub class (2)

A
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11
Q

Define phasmid

A

posterior cuticular chemoreceptors

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12
Q

What are stronglydia known as? why?

A

Bursate nematodes because males characteristically have a copulatory bursa.

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13
Q

Sub class - secernentea

What is the order? (5) sf? (lots)

A
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14
Q

Phylum - nemathelminthes

Class - nematoda (roundworms)

What is the taxonomic classifcation after this? SF, family

A
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15
Q

What is the Life cycle of the cattle Lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A
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16
Q

What is the pre patent period of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

3-4 weeks

17
Q

What is the epidemiology of D. Viviparus?

Include:

Distribution?

Climate?

Age?

Pilobolous fungi?

A

•Distribution

–seen mainly in temperate areas.

•Climate

–larvae require moist, cool environment.

–adverse weather conditions decrease larval survival and dispersal.

–larvae can overwinter on pasture like GI nematodes.

•Age

–young animals are more susceptible.

•Pilobolus fungi

  • facilitate the spread of lungworms larvae in a pasture
18
Q

What is the current trend in lungworm in the UK?

A

Rise in immunologically naïve populations who have either not been vaccinated or exposed to low levels of natural infection during their first grazing season.

19
Q

What is the clinical presentation of lungworm in cattle? (4)

A

Cough, decreased milk production, and weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes (not usually).

20
Q

What is the clinical presentation of lungworm in sheep and cattle? (6)

A

Cough, dyspnoea, catarrhal bronchitis, weight loss, lethargy. Greyish-green nodules. Goats are most susceptible and can die from pneumonia.

21
Q

What is the clinical presentation of lungworm in horses? (1)

A

•often seen in horse grazing with donkeys (natural host).

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of lungworm in pigs? (4)

A

Dyspnoea, lethargy, weight loss, persistent cough.

23
Q

How can we diagnose lungworm? Both antemortem (6) and postmortem (1)

A

•Antemortem diagnosis:

–Clinical signs, grazing history

–Demonstration of larvae in faeces

–Tracheal wash

–Bronchoscopy and radiography

–Serological tests

–Failure of antibiotic therapy

•Postmortem diagnosis:

–Demonstration and identification of lungworms & characteristics lung pathology

24
Q

What should be included in the differential diagnosis for persistent respiratory manifestations in animals especially in enzootic areas.’?

A

Husk

25
Q

What differentials are there for lungoworm? (7)

A
  • Lung abscess
  • Lung tumor
  • Bacterial bronchopneumonia
  • Necrobacillosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Actinobacillosis
  • Hydatid disease
26
Q

What are the treatment options for:

D. Viviparus?

F. Filaria?

D. Arnfieldi?

M. Apri?

A
27
Q

What is your 1st choice for treatment of lungworm in dairy?

A

Eprinomectin

28
Q

Which treatment will you avoid using in dairy cows with lungworm?

A

Macrocyclic lactones - kills quickly and measn you get a build up of dead ones

29
Q

What are the control strategies for lungworm? (6)

A

•Deworming

–Strategic deworming using anthelmintics.

  • Vaccination (Bovilis® Huskvac, Intervet UK Ltd)
  • Management Options

–Supplementary approaches.

–Sanitation and management.

–Avoid mixing animals/ages on the same pasture.

–Elimination of intermediate hosts (doesn’t apply for all lungworm species).

30
Q

What is the vaccine protocol for lungworm?

A

–One vaccine, made up of irradiated L3 infective larvae.

–Two doses, 4wk apart at least 2 wk before animals can be turned out to allow the development of immunity.

31
Q

How to avoid a poor outcome in the management of parasitic pneumonia? (5)

A

DON’T wait for a husk to develop to suspect the diagnosis.

DON’T exclude the diagnosis because there is no history of lungworm infection.

DON’T exclude the diagnosis solely for geographic or seasonal reasons

DON’T withhold therapy if you are clinically suspicious

DON’T administer the vaccine to calves less than 8 weeks old

32
Q

What is the public health relevance of lungworms to humans?

A

Animal lungworms are strict animal parasites and don’t infect humans. However, there have been rare reports of human infections with the carnivore lung worm Eucoleus aerophilus in Morocco and Russia.

33
Q

What is the public health relevance of lungworm to animals?

A

Husk is a disease that need never exist given access to clean pasture and a veterinary public health infrastructure that monitors the water/food supply and thwart infections via treatment and vaccination, and elimination of the intermediate/reservoir hosts.

34
Q

What will need to be done in the future with lungworm? (3)

A
  • Pathogenesis of disease

–Identify host genetic determinants of resistance (hoping for natural resistance).

  • Better vaccines (long-lasting immunity)

–New targets (e.g. more protective antigens, new virulence factors).

  • Controlling emergence of resistance

–Monitor the development of new anthelmintic resistant strains.

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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