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Farm Animal Final Year > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

How can history be established when investigating lameness?

A

Be methodical

FOR BROILERS

  • Site identification details
  • Age…many conditions are age related
  • Age range on site
  • Number of birds on farm, in each house, in the affected group
  • Nature of the problem i.e. the producer’s concern
  • Mortality rates
  • Cull rates (separating out leg culls)
  • Vaccination/medical history
  • Previous crop health and performance figures
  • Recent production changes (e.g. New equipment, change in feed ration, breed used)
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2
Q

What should be documented when documenting the normal?

A
  • Number of birds
  • Age
  • Breed
  • Egg production
  • Egg quality
  • Fertility
  • Hatchability
  • Daily liveweight gain
  • Water consumption
  • Mortality
  • Cull rate
  • Evenness
  • Food conversion ratio
  • European production efficiency factor
  • Performance recording underpins FHP
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3
Q

What tests can be done on PM investigation?

A
  • Bloods
  • Histology
  • Faecal microscopy
  • Gut content microscopy
  • Electron microscopy
  • Virus Isolation
  • PCR
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4
Q

Discuss PM examination of poultry?

A
  • Because of the large numbers of birds kept, mortalities are inevitable
  • Post mortem examination of fresh dead allows a unique opportunity to examine the internal organs of the birds
  • It is the mainstay of our examinations, but is complemented by other testing
  • Sample selection can impact on findings
  • Culls vs. Dead
  • Average batch size ~ 6 birds
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5
Q

What are the recognised methods of culling?

A

The Humane Slaughter Association’s guidelines advise neck dislocation

Refer to WATOK (welfare at time of killing)

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6
Q

What is necropsy procedure?

A
  • Weigh the submissions
  • Superficial examination
  • Systematic approach, don’t forget spinal pathology

Follow up tests

  • Bacteriology
  • Parasitology
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7
Q

When blood sampling broilers is a snap shot useful?

A
  • The answer is “ yes ” but we must realise what it represents
  • Are antibodies increasing or decreasing?
  • Serial samples are much more useful (2 week interval)
  • Base line samples on a site can be very useful to establish the “ normal ” level
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8
Q

What is the blood sampling technique in poultry?

A
  • Good restraint is very important
  • Brachial vein exposed by plucking feathers
  • Use 21 –23 gauge needle or nick vein with sharp blade
  • Half fill blood tube
  • Bleeding will usually stop once wing is lowered
  • Put cap on tube and lie on side to clot
  • Send to laboratory asap (with paperwork)
  • DO NOT FREEZE
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9
Q

What are your differential Diagnoses for poultry lameness?

A

Think:

  • Viral
  • Bacterial
  • Parasitic
  • Nutritional
  • Genetic
  • Metabolic
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10
Q

What is lameness?

A

Lameness is the consequence of biomechanical or neural dysfunction or pain and is usually a welfare concern.

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11
Q

What do you do if lameness is evident?

A

In severe cases of lameness the patient should be culled

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12
Q

What is a synsacrum?

A

Like mammals the pelvis consists of the ischium, ilium and pubis. As previously mentioned it is fused to the synsacrum at the ilium.

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13
Q

The trochanter of the femur articulates with the antitrochanter of the pelvis. This articulation ensures that?

A

when the leg is in a normal position, abduction is prevented

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14
Q

The more the bird has to run?

A

The wider the pelvis

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15
Q

Femoral condyles are attached by ligaments to, and articulate with the?

A

tibiotarsus and the head of the fibula.

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16
Q

The tibiotarsus is formed by the fusion of ?

A

The tibia and the proximal row of tarsal bones

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17
Q

The fibula is attached to the tibiotarsus by a tight fibrinous union at the fibular crest and extends 2/3 the way down, therefore there is?

A

little rotation of the leg

18
Q

The hock is?

A

The hock is an intertarsal joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. It has a single meniscus and a single cruciate

19
Q

The tarsometatarsus is a fusion of the?

A

distal tarsal bones to the 3 main metatarsal bones and extends to the ground. It can be a very long bone in waders

20
Q

Most birds have digits?

A

I to IV and they have 2, 3, 4 & 5 phalanges

21
Q

Anisodactyl birds have?

A

3 forward facing toes and a single hind toe

22
Q

Zygodactyl birds have?

A

digit II and III facing forward and digits I and IV facing backwards

23
Q

Label the digits in this anisodactyl bird?

A
24
Q

Why do ducks waddle?

A

The hip can be extended and flexed but there is also rotation in the recovery phase. This is pronounced in ducks: hence their waddle. There is very little abduction or adduction

25
Q

What are the extensors and flexors in the poultry limb?

A

Extensors= pubo-ischio-femoralis & iliofemoralis (shock absorbers when landing)

Flexors=iliotibialis cranialis

26
Q

The stifle is flexed and extended by?

A

flexed by the iliofibularis and extended by the femorotibialis

27
Q

The hock joint is flexed and extended by what?

A

flexed by tibialis cranialis and extended by gastrocnemius.

The palpable gastrocnemius tendon passes through a sleeve connected to the caudal surface of the cartilage and ends on the plantar aspect of the tarsometatarsus. (Heavy birds can often develop a “slipped tendon”.)

28
Q

What allows a bird to perch?

A

When birds crouch slightly the flexor tendons tense thus allowing perching. There is also a locking mechanism in the digits where the flexor tendons have a ratchet that prevents them moving when the muscle is tensed and the toes are flexed and gripping. Thus when getting a bird of a perch it is made easier if you lift it slightly

29
Q

What would be you d/dx for this clinical presentation:

Sitting on hocks, no obvious lesion in the legs, no obvious pain?

A

1. Spondylolisthesis (kinky back)…can feel the deformity at the level of the free vertebra

2.Osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine.

30
Q

Illustrate a chicken and a turkey vertebral column?

A
31
Q

Birds appear to be uncomfortable walking, with bilateral lameness. The bones of the hock joint may appear thickened, and a lot of mild bone deformities may be present. Bones and beak are more malleable than normal. Bone deformity-bowing of the proximal tibiotarsus, with thickened tibiotarsal growth plates

What are your 2 differentials?

A

Rickets

Tibial Dyschondroplasia

32
Q

What is Rickets?

A
  • Thickening of all long bone growth plates
  • confirm with histopathology
  • This is an osteodystrophy due to a lack of vitamin D3 or a Ca/P imbalance resulting in a lack of mineralisation. Long bones are soft and pliable and there may also be rickets rosaries
33
Q

What is tibial dyschondroplasia?

A
  • TD…thickening of the growth plate of the tibiotarsal bone
  • The zone of hypertrophied cartilage cells in the proximal end of the tibiotarsal bone fails to become calcified because its blood supply is absent

(Chondrodystrophy-insufficient bone is produced at the cartilaginous growth zone resulting in short bowed bones. Appositional growth is normal, therefore joints can appear swollen. It may be a precursor to slipped tendons. Aetiology maybe nutritional or secondary following a congenital infection…NOT VERY COMMON)

34
Q

What are these clinical signs likley cause: Severely lame, difficulty in rising, wings used for support, possible pain on palpation of medial aspect of femur. Severely lame-hot swollen joints and /or tendons?

A

Femoral head necrosis

35
Q

What is the cause of femoral head necrosis?

A

Immunosuppression

Bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus,

Reovirus

36
Q
A
37
Q

Discuss hock infections?

A
  • Typically larger birds affected
  • Just prior to slaughter
  • Birds go lame first
  • Poor hygiene can be to blame
  • Swollen hock joint
  • Culture –e.g. Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Ornithobacteriumrhinotracheale and Mycoplasma synoviae
  • Antibiotics useful in early lesions
38
Q
A
39
Q

What do these clinical signs suggest:

Hopping lame with a palpable thickening of the gastrocnemius tendon above the hock joint

A

TENDON RUPTURE

Associated with rapid growth and insufficient exercise

40
Q

How can welfare be assessed?

A

Five Freedoms

  • Freedom from hunger and thirst
  • Freedom from discomfort
  • Freedom from pain, injury or disease
  • Freedom from fear and distress
  • Freedom to perform most normal behaviour
41
Q

Our poultry legal responsibility is outlined in which legislation?

A

Our legal responsibility is defined by:

  • Animal Welfare Act 2006
  • Welfare of Farmed Animals (England/Wales) Regulations 2007
  • Welfare of Animals (Transport) England Order 2006
  • The Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing (England) Regulations 2015
42
Q

Name common causes of poultry lameness?

A

Common causes of poultry lameness:

  • Femoral head necrosis
  • Hock joint infection
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Tibial dyschondroplasia
  • Rickets
  • Pododermatitis
  • Spondylolisthesis (Kinky back)
  • Spinal abscesses

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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