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Farm Animal Final Year > Principles of Fertility and Breeding Time > Flashcards

Principles of Fertility and Breeding Time Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different methods of describing the nature of infertility? (4)

A
  • Structural
  • Functional – not cycling at the right time
  • Management – e.g. identifying oestrous in cow, presenting dog to bitch at wrong time
  • Infectious
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2
Q

When do you inseminate a dog?

A

3 days after ovulation

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3
Q

When do you inseminate a horse?

A

Day before ovulation

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4
Q

How can we determine optimal breeding time? (9)

A

•Observation of oestrous behaviour

–Standing e.g. a dairy herd will be obvious / lordosis / clitoral eversion

•Indirect methods of determining oestrous behaviour

–Reduced milk yield / increased activity

  • Teasing with a male
  • Observation of the external genitalia

–Swollen vulva / discharge from vulva

•Rectal palpation for ovarian structures

–Follicle size (remember species differences) / follicle tone

  • Rectal palpation for cervical /uterine size or tone
  • Ultrasound examination of follicular waves

–Follicle size / follicle softening / thickening of follicle wall / follicle haemorrhage

–Hard to U/S dog ovary – small in bursa and surrounded by fat

•Endocrine changes

–Low progesterone in most species / rising progesterone in the bitch

–Progesterone rises before oestrus in the dog but other animals will be after

•Assessment of endocrine changes by proxy assessments

–Vaginal cytology / vaginal wall endoscopy / vaginal fluid examination (crystallisation / pH etc)

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5
Q

Cow, how long is:

  1. Oestrus cycle?
  2. Luteal phase?
  3. Falling progesterone?
  4. Standing oestrus?
A
  1. 21 days
  2. 17 days
  3. 3 days proestrus
  4. around 1 day
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6
Q

In cows, when do the following occur:

  1. LH surge?
  2. Ovulation?
A
  1. Mid oestrus
  2. 24 hours after LH surhe (so 12 hours after end of oestrus)
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7
Q

Draw the model cow oestrus cycle

A
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8
Q

When do you mate a cow?

A

•Oestrus lasts up to 1 day, and ovulation occurs 12 hours after end of oestrus, thus

–Mating occurs ~1 day prior to ovulation

–Oocytes age if not fertilised and usually cannot be fertilised >24h after ovulation

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9
Q

When do you AI a cow?

A

–Semen survives the freezing process well

–Therefore uterine insemination normally undertaken 6-12 hours prior to ovulation

–i.e. same day oestrus has first been observed

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10
Q

In a ewe how long is:

  1. Osetrous cycle length?
  2. Duration of oestrus?
  3. Time of ovulation?
A
  1. 17 days
  2. 24-36hours
  3. 30-36 hours from beginning of oestrous
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11
Q

In a sow how long is:

  1. Osetrous cycle length?
  2. Duration of oestrus?
  3. Time of ovulation?
A
  1. 21 days
  2. 48-72 hours
  3. 35-45 hours from beginning of oestrus
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12
Q

In a mare how long is:

  1. Osetrous cycle length?
  2. Duration of oestrus?
  3. Time of ovulation?
A
  1. 21-23 days
  2. 4-8 days
  3. 1-2 days before end of oestrus
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13
Q

In a bitch how long is:

  1. Osetrous cycle length?
  2. Duration of oestrus?
  3. Time of ovulation?
A
  1. 210 days
  2. 7-14 days
  3. Variable- often 2 days after onset of standing oestrus
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14
Q

Why is the timing of insemination easy in the cow?

What is the problem?

A

Relatively easy since oestrus is short and tightly regulated to time of ovulation

Inseminate/mate at oestrus

Problem: detecting oestrus

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15
Q

What is the most common issue when getting a ewe up the duff?

A

Getting the correct ram:ewe ratio/identification of mated ewes

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16
Q

When do you AI a ewe?

A

insemination is slightly delayed (c.f. Cow): 12h after onset of oestrus

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17
Q

How do you AI a sow?

A

Mating and AI usually start on day 2 after the onset of standing oestrus.

2 inseminations

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18
Q

Why is mating the mare a problem? (2) how is this overcome?

A

The return of oestrus: variable

Oestrus length is variable

Normal practice is to tease daily and breed throughout this period, or to monitor ovaries with ultrasound

19
Q

Why are bitches a problem for mating? (3) How can we judge it? (2)

A

Mono-oestrus

Oestrus very variable / very poorly indicate time of ovulation

Thus oestrus detection – poor tool for planning mating

Better tools: vaginal cytology and/or plasma progesterone measurement

20
Q

What signs of oestrus are seen in cows and when?

A
21
Q

What are the strategies to detect oestrus in cows? (3)

A
  • Examine cows >4 times per day
  • Detection aids e.g. Kamars, pedometers, Estrotect, GPS, electronic noses??
  • Van Eerdenburg’s scoring
22
Q

What can we measure to detect oestrus in the cow? (5)

A

Low plasma/milk progesterone

Detection of a large follicle (in absence of CL)

Others

  • Crystallisation patterns in the vaginal mucus
  • A fall in body temperature prior to oestrus
  • A reduction in vaginal pH
23
Q

What phase is this and how can you tell?

A

Luteal phase

CL and Medium Follicles

24
Q

What phase is this and how can you tell?

A 
(Pro)-oestrus
Dominant Follicle (check both ovaries)
25
Q

What factors might inhibit oestrous behaviour? (7)

A

–Hard, non-supportive floor is best

–Concrete reduces oestrous behaviour by up to 50% especially when wet and slippery

–High environmental temperature

–Overcrowding

–Recent mixing / stress

–Lameness

–FEEDING

26
Q

What can we replace oestrus detecttion with in cows?

A

Synchronisation of ovulation e.g. Ovsynch

27
Q

What are the signs of oestus in the ewe? (6)

A

•Restless

–Seeks the ram,

–Forms a following harem

•Stands for the ram

–waggles tail

–moves tail laterally to allow mating

•Vulva

–Slightly swollen

–Slight mucoid discharge

28
Q

How can you detect oestus in the ewe? (4)

A

–Only important when AI regimes

–Vasectomised ram with raddle

–Synchronisation protocols

  • Low plasma progesterone
29
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the sow? (7)

A
  • Vulval swollen and congested prior to oestrus
  • Seeks the boar
  • Stands firmly to be mounted (the back pressure test; very reliable)
  • Stands for a smelly old boar that produces lots of saliva
  • Restlessness with repetitive grunts
  • Pacing and searching
  • Lowered feed intake and loss of appetite
  • Red, swollen vulva
  • Male-like sexual behaviour
  • Increase in vaginal mucus
  • Response to boar pheromones
30
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the mare? (5)

A
  • Vulva: Oedema / mucoid discharge
  • Elevated tail and lean her hindquarters towards the stallion
  • “winking” (repeated exposure of clitoris)
  • Induces “flehmen” response in stallion
  • Commonly, daily teasing is performed
31
Q

How can you measure oestrus in the mare? (2)

A
  • Detection of a large follicle (>20mm) in absence of a CL) (by palpation or ultrasound examination)
  • Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening, follicle softening on ultrasound examination
32
Q

What are the signs of proestrus in the bitch? (4)

A

–Very long (classically 9 days)

–Bitch is attractive but not allow mating

–Vulval swelling

–Presence of a serosanguinous discharge

33
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the bitch? (4)

A

–Standing to be mated

–Deviation of tail

–Discharge becomes paler in colour

  • Reduction in vulval oedema
34
Q

How can we clinically assess oestrus detection in the bitch? (4)

A
  • Assessment of vaginal epithelial cells
  • Assessment of vulval softening
  • Examination of the appearance of the vaginal wall
  • Plasma progesterone concentrations (detecting a rise in progesterone that precedes ovulation)
35
Q

How long is proestus in the queen?

A

Short and often un noticed

36
Q

What causes the LH response in the queen?

A
  • Induced ovulator
  • LH response to mating decreases with each day of oestrus and follicles ultimately regress
37
Q

What are the signs of oestrus in the queen? (4)

A
  • Increased vocalisation, rubbing and rolling
  • Increased activity and will seek tom
  • Possible slight mucoid vulval discharge

Stand to be mated by lowering her front quarters, extending her hindlegs and demonstrating lordosis – the tail is erect and held to one side

38
Q

What is the difference between induced and spontaneous ovulators?

A

Induced ovulators:

–Presence of antral follicle and increased oestrogen still prerequisite for LH release and ovulation

–HOWEVER, copulation results in a neuro-endocrine response resulting in LH release and then ovulation

–Examples: cat, rabbit, ferret, mink, camelids

Spontaneous ovulators:

–Ovulation occurs at regular intervals

–Hormonally induced; driven by the antral follicle

39
Q

What happens here? (4)

A

Inhibits oestrous behaviour (occasional exception in the mare)

Prepares uterus for pregnancy

Closes cervix

Blocks LH surge (not basal secretion)

40
Q

What happens here? (4)

A

Stimulation development of antral follicles

Selection of dominant/ovulatory follicle(s)

= ↑ oestradiol = ↓ FSH – degeneration

↑ inhibin of subordinate follicles

41
Q

What is happening here? (5)

A

uterine PGF2a

luteolysis

↓ progesterone

↑ oestradiol from ovulatory follicle

LH surge à next ovulation

42
Q

What can cause anoestrus? (6)

A
  • Gestation
  • Lactation / presence of offspring; Note: species differences
  • Seasonality
  • Stress

–Metabolic

–Heat

•Ovarian pathologies

–Cystic ovarian disorders

–Inactive ovarian activity

•Monoestrous breeders

–e.g. bitches

43
Q

What is a silent oestrus?

A

Ovulation with limited signs of oestrus

  • Often at first oestrus after seasonal anoestrus / parturition
  • No progesterone priming
  • No progesterone fall
  • No sudden release of oestrogen or LH suppression

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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