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Farm Animal Final Year > Ruminant GI Disease > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is maintaining GI health?

A

Maintaining healthy population rumen flora

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2
Q

What is the main threat to the GI health?

A

Fall in rumen pH - ruminal acidosis s

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3
Q

What is the aetiology of acidosis?

A
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4
Q

What pH is too acid for cellulose digestion?

A

Below 6

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5
Q

What is the process of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Large amount over short time e.g. grain overload

= Acute drop in rumen pH

Bacterial death = reduced rate of digestion = reduced DMI

Rumen contractions cease = no eructation = gas bloat = death if severe

Lactic acid (lactobacilli enjoying the low pH) in rumen is strong osmotic draw = dehydration and profuse scour

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6
Q

When are clinical signs of acute ruminal acidosis seen?

A

12-36 hours after mass concentrate intake

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute ruminal acidosis (8)

A
  • Anorexia
  • Bloat
  • Ataxia
  • Weakness
  • Blindness
  • Diarrhoea
  • Increase resp rate
  • Decreased temperature
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8
Q

What is the treatment fro acute ruminal acidosis if the animal is standing?

A
  • Rumenotomy, empty, flush (+/- repopulate)
  • Iv fluids, calcium, glucose
  • B vitamins
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9
Q

How would you treat acute ruminal acidosis if the animal is still standing?

A
  • Oral antacids (e.g. Mg(OH)2)
  • Iv fluids
  • B vitamins
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10
Q

What can happen as a result of acute ruminal acidosis?(2)

A
  • Often chronic rumenitis
  • +/- liver abscessation
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11
Q

What is the prognosis of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Prognosis okay if standing

Not great if recumbent

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12
Q

What is subacute ruminal acidosis? Who is affected?

A
  • Chronic but mild depression of rumen pH
  • UK prevalence unknown
    • ?less common than previously thought
  • Can affect high and low yielders (low fibre diet)
  • Herd level problem (NOT individual cow)
  • Has production, disease and welfare implications
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13
Q

What is the aetiology of SARA?

A
  • Chronic exposure to high starch/low fibre levels – produce more VFAs and have less chewing (less bicarbonate)
  • Fibre is essential in a ruminant
  • Requirement for “effective” long fibre
    • Long chop length
    • Stimulates chewing -> saliva
  • Can be related to feeding system
  • Varying effects on rumen pH
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14
Q

What type of feeding is this? Discuss.

A

Component feeding (in parlour)

Ad lib to forage

In the parlour gets concentrate which is some starch for her

This would be okay – but these days the milk yield is greater and therefore it is difficult to feed the cows the amount they need

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15
Q

What type of feeding does this show? Discuss

A

Component feeding with midday feed

Add another feed in the day

Pour some cheap rolled wheat onto the silage

The cows will come up to eat.

Drop in pH is less

Less time in green?

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16
Q

What type of feeding does this show? Discuss

A

Component feeding (out or parlour)

Individual feed stations

Identify the cow with ID

The system then spreads the feed through the day

How robot systems work

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17
Q

What type of feeding does this show? Discuss

A

Total mixed ration

Complete diet – take all the ingredients and add to the diet

Evenly spread – can get away with feeding a lot of starch

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18
Q

What type of feed does this show? Discuss

A

Partial mixed ration

Ad lib and additional concentrate at milking time

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for SARA? (7)

A
  • Large/infrequent concentrate meals
  • Excessive levels of starch/sugar in diet
  • Too little effective long fibre in diet (e.g. overmixing/fine chopping of ration)
  • Sorting of long fibre (e.g. undermixing)
  • Poor access to forage component of ration
  • Poor transition/dry cow management
  • Poor cow comfort/housing design
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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of SARA? (7)

A
  • Large/infrequent concentrate meals
  • Excessive levels of starch/sugar in diet
  • Too little effective long fibre in diet (e.g. overmixing/fine chopping of ration)
  • Sorting of long fibre (e.g. undermixing)
  • Poor access to forage component of ration
  • Poor transition/dry cow management
  • Poor cow comfort/housing design
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21
Q

How would we test for acidosis? How do we do it?

A

Rumenocentesis – definitive dx

Top of rumen – solid fibre mat

Ideally want to sample ventrally

Left flank – level of stifle

30cm forward

Representative – need further down to avoid the air bubbles

Can get devices to go through the fibre mats but these are difficult and can be traumatic to the cow

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22
Q

How would you aim a need in a rumenocentesis?

A

Point at opposite elbow

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23
Q

what pH of rumen fluid is diagnostic of acidosis?

A

pH 5.5

24
Q

Why do you need to put the needle through the abdomen quickly?

A

Needle will bend through the abdomen contractions

25
Q

What is this?

A

Stack of boxes with holes of different holes

Place ration

And shake as per instructions

Penstake sieve

End up with longest on top and then successfully smaller

26
Q

What length of stem is a good length?

A

1cm

27
Q

How could we continuously monitor acidosis? How does this work?

A
  • pH-sensing rumen bolus commercially available
  • 5-6mo lifespan
  • Currently fairly expensive – huge limiting factor
    • Most farms only monitor 3-6 cows
    • Cant retrieve and put in a new cow
    • Low pH may actually just be a slight dip
    • Will become more common and practical
28
Q

How can we control SARA nutrionally?

A
  • What the diet should look like

Limit depression of rumen pH (can be difficult e.g. high yielding cattle)

  • Forage:concentrate ratio >40:60
  • Dietary NDF content - >35%
  • NDF from forage ?>20-25%
  • Total sugar and starch content - <25%
  • In parlour feeding – Max 4Kg / feed
  • Distribute concentrate feeds – Mid day feed, out of parlour feeders, TMR
  • Ensure feed intakes/access maximised
  • Get them eating as much as you can get into them
29
Q

Other than diet, how else could we control SARA? (5)

A
  • Include buffers (e.g. sodium bicarbonate, usually ~ 150g/cow/day) or yeasts
    • Yeast protect the rumen microflora
  • Avoid very rapidly released starch (e.g. ground wheat)
  • Add some long fibre (e.g. 0.5 – 1Kg of straw)
    • Lucerne hay (high buffering capacity)
  • Good transition/calving management to maintain DMI
  • Good mixing of mixed rations (not too much or too little!)
30
Q

What are the 2 feeding systems allowing concentrate/forage feed to be fed seperately?

A
  • Component
  • Mixed ration
31
Q

What are the 4 feeding system methods of concentrate feeding (4)

A
  • In parlour
  • OOPF (out o parlou feeders)
  • Midday feeds
  • In mixed ration
32
Q

What are the 3 ways to feed the forage components?

A
  • Self feed
  • Ring feeder
  • Trough
33
Q
  1. What is self feeed?
  2. Name an advantage (1)
  3. Name a disadvantage (2)
A
  1. Direct from the silage clamp (electric fence to protect). This tends to only be useful in spring block calving at end of yielding
  2. Cheap and easy
  3. Reduces DMI

Often wasteful – hard to preserve (massive face exposed to the air and the cows try to get amongst the silage)

34
Q
  1. What is ring feeding?
  2. Name an advantage (2)
  3. Name a disadvantage (1)
A
  1. good to add if you are short of trough space
  2. Easy with big bale silage (common in beef cattle)
    Maximises feed face space per unit area
  3. Fiddly for clamp silage/mixed ration
35
Q

What is ring feeding?

Name an advantage (2)

Name a disadvantage (1)

A
36
Q

What are the 3 ways to feed concentrate?

A
  • Parlour feeders
  • Out out parlour feeders
  • Midday feeders
37
Q
  1. What are parlour feeders?
  2. Name an advantage (2)
  3. Name a disadvantage (4)
A
  1. Match the feed to the stage of lactation
  2. No competition
    Can vary feed between cows
  3. All concentrate in two meals/day
    Need to eat concentrate quickly
    Measurement of feed weight often inaccurate
    Can only feed as much as you milk
38
Q

Out of parlour feeders

  1. Name an advantage (2)
  2. Name a disadvantage (2)
A
  1. Can vary feed between cows
    Feeds spread over day
  2. Often significant competition for access - fight
    Expensive to install
39
Q

Midday feed:

  1. What is it?
  2. Name advantages (4)
  3. Name disadvantages (2)
A
  1. halfway house adding concentrate without too much risk
  2. Cheap/easy
    Spread over day
    Versatile/flexible
    Variety increases DMI
  3. Hassle to feed
    Competition/variation in access
40
Q

What are the 3 component systems for how much concentrate each cow gets?

A
  • Field to yield
  • Fllat rate
  • Stepped
41
Q
  1. What is field to yield?
  2. Name an advantage (1)
  3. Name a disadvantage (2)
A
  1. certain amount of concentrate for the amount of milk
  2. Simple, easy to follow
  3. Very large conc meals in early lactation
    “Peaked” lactation curve
42
Q

Flat rate:

  1. Name an advanatge (2)
  2. Name a disadvantage (1)
A
  1. Simple, easy to follow
    Costings easier
  2. Significant underfeeding at peak and overfeeding in late lactation
43
Q

Stepped:

Name an advantage (2)

Name a disadvantage (1)

A
  1. Simple, easy to follow
    Combines advantages of both
  2. Doesn’t feed to energy requirements as accurately as feed to Y
44
Q

Define total mixed ration?

A

All components mixed and fed together

45
Q

Define partial mixed ration

A

Mix of forages and concentrates fed ad lib but also some individual concentrate feeding (e.g. in parlour). A compromise.

46
Q

Name 3 advantages of feeding in multiple groups (high and low yielders) (4)

A
  • ­Increased precision (Fed to yield)
  • Avoids thin and fat cows (compared to one group)
  • Improved management (cows at similar stage are together)
  • Decreased standing times helps with lameness
47
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of feeding multiple groups (high and low yielders) (3)

A
  • Increased bullying (when animals moved)
  • Increased complexity (multiple groups, diets etc)
  • Increased time
48
Q

How can minerals be divided in two?

A
  • Trace elements
  • Macrominerals
49
Q

What are the two components of micronutrients?

A
  • Vitmains
  • Trace elements
50
Q

What are the 3 common macrominerals causing problems in ruminants?

A
  • Calcium
    • Covered in Endocrine 2 module
    • The most common problem!!!!!
  • Phosphorus
    • May complicate hypocalcaemia
    • Other problems rare in UK
  • Magnesium…
51
Q

Magnesium:

A) Why do we have to ofteen supplement?

B) What is the role?

C) Where is there a poor supply?

D) Where is there poor availability and when do problem often happen?

A

A) Very small reserves, no homeostatic control

Need to ensure she eats as much Mg as she uses

B) Inhibitory role in nerve transmission

C) Winter/spring grass poor sources

D) Poor availability when N/K fertilizer recently applied or grass DM very low

Problems often in bad weather

Decreased DMI and increased Mg loss

52
Q

What are clinical sings of low magnesium? (3)

A

“staggers”, recumbency, coma

53
Q

How can we prevent low magnesium (3)

A
  • Provide supplementary feed (mineralised)
  • Add MgCl2 to drinking water
    • Add a bag to water and just let it dissolve
  • Use of boluses (risk periods)
54
Q

What are the 4 trace elements causing problems in ruminants?

A
  • Copper
  • Cobalt
  • Selenium – white muscle disease
  • Iodine – late abortions and weird hair neonates
55
Q

What are the common signs of trace elements issues?

A
  • Poor growth
  • Loss of condition/”ill thrift”

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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