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Farm Animal Final Year > Pig Lameness COPY > Flashcards

Pig Lameness COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Why does lamenss matter in pigs? (5)

A
  • Painful, distressing, unable to perform ‘natural’ behaviours
  • Lame animals eat less therefore reduced productivity
  • Lame animals have reduced fertility
  • Lame animals are more likely to be culled prematurely
  • Wastage in the industry - cull
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2
Q

How many piglets are treated for lameness?

A

10%

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3
Q

What is the prevalence of lameness in growers?

A

2-20%

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4
Q

What is the prevalence of lameness in gilts/sows?

A

~5%

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5
Q

What is the lameness scoring system in pigs?

A
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6
Q

Name 4 factors predisposing pigs to lamness (6)

A
  • Flooring
  • Housing system
  • Stocking density
  • Group size
  • Growth rate
  • Nutrition
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7
Q

What 3 conditions is poor flooring asociated with?

A
  • Claw lesions
  • Limb lesions
  • OCD
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8
Q

What type of flooring is a major risk factor for lameness and foot lesions?

A

Slatted floor

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9
Q

What is the EU requirement for housing sows?

A

House sows from 4 weeks after service until one week before farrowing.

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10
Q

Name 3 positives of housing sows (4)

A
  • Natural behaviour
  • Social interaction
  • Increased exercise
  • Less superficial joint damage
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11
Q

What are the issues of housing sows?

A

Increased aggression leading to lameness, claw lesions and body lesions

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12
Q

What pig group size have higher amounts of limb lesions and lameness scores?

A

Larger groups

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13
Q

What stocking density increases pig abormal gait and posture?

A

High

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14
Q

Why do the adverse effects in high stocking densities increase later in the finisher stage?

A

Increased body size

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15
Q

What does the EU state about keeping pigs?

A

There is a minimum requiement

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16
Q

What is nutrition directly related to? (3)

A

Physiology:

  • Claw
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
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17
Q

What is nutrition indirectly related to?

A

Limb ahealth through the effect of weight gain

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18
Q

What must be supplemented for limb health in production animals?

A

The correct vitamins and minerals (zinc, manganese, copper, Vitamins A, B and E and Biotin)

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19
Q

What should we feed to replacement gilts?

A

Specific diet - to support bone development and fat deposition

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20
Q

What are the 5 infectious/congenital causes of lameness?

A
  • Bacterial arthritis
  • Erysipelas
  • Splayleg
  • Mycoplasma
  • OCD (leg weakness)
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21
Q

What are the 4 MSK diseases of suckling pigs? State whether it is common

A
  • Bacterial Arthritis (very common)
  • Splayleg (very common)
  • Congenital Hyperostosis (less common but be aware)
  • Trauma
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22
Q

What are the infectious causes of bacterial arthtitis? (4) Which is the common

A

–Streptococcus suis (most common cause)

–Actinobacillus suis

–Haemophilus parasuis (Glassers dz)

–Trueperella pyogenes

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23
Q

What is this

A

Bacterial Arthritis

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24
Q

Streptococcus suis:

A) How many serotypes?

B) Where is it a commensal? (3)

C) Where is it common to be oppurtunistic?

A

A) 14

B) Nostril,tonsil,vagiina

C) PRRSv

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25
Q

Streptococcus suis:

A) Where is there a scope for?

B)How do we diagnose?

C) How do we treat?

A

A) Tooth clipping/tail dock

B) Culture tissue

C) Antibiotics (mostly injectable – 5 days). Plus a dose NSAIDs.

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26
Q

What s the approach to bacterial arthritis in suckling pigs? (7)

A
  • Stop teeth clipping, check piglets mouths and teeth clipping equipment. Check cleaning
  • Colostrum management: check by bleeding.
  • Iron status: anaemia can be immunosuppressive, check hygiene of injector.
  • Navel Treatments, Tail docking
  • Intercurrent Disease (especially PRRSv)
  • State of creep and temperatures/ draughts. General piglet environment
  • Preventive Abs prior to the main risk period to stop cycle (short term). Only a temporary basis whilst we deal with environment etc
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27
Q

Splayleg:

A) Cause?

B) What is it characterised by?

C) When is it evident?

A

A) Unknown - probaby multiple

B) Myofibrillar hypoplasia

C) Within 2-4 hours of birth and will usually resolve if piglets live to 5 days of age.

28
Q

Splayleg:

A) Where is it most common?

B) Where is affected?

C) Why does death happen?

A

A) Landrace and male

B) Back legs most common, can affect ront or all legs

C) As the pig has an inability to feed

29
Q

How do we treat and manage splayleg? (5)

A
  • Tape hind/forelimbs together using 2.5cm wide plaster strip leaving 5-8cm gap between legs. Effectively stopping the splay.
  • Massage frequently
  • Assist with feeding and give 10ml colostrum asap!!
  • Keep new-born piglets on roughened floors, preventing legs splitting
  • Consider split suckling. Separate strong piglets from the weak so they don’t have to compete
30
Q

What is congenital hyperostosis also known as?

A

Thick leg syndrome

31
Q

What is the genetic aetiology of congenital hyperostosis?

A

Recessive autosomal gene – Very rare been bred out

32
Q

What are the signs of congenital hyperostosis?

A

Individual litters are born with bony thickenings of the legs, especially hindlimbs

33
Q

What do we do if a piglet is born with congenital hyperostosis?

A

Do not use same combination of boar and sow again and then shouldn’t see again

34
Q

Trauma:

A) How common is it?

B) What trauma is common and subsequently let infection in?

A

A) Very

B) Carpal abrasions and scuffs

35
Q

What are the 6 main differentials for MSK disease in growing pigs?

A
  • Erysipelas
  • Metabolic Bone Disease
  • Porcine Stress Syndrome
  • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
  • Bacterial Arthritis
  • Spinal Abscesses
36
Q

What causes Erysipelas? Where is it from and what does it have topism for?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a common soil-borne organism with a (ubiquitous) tropism for heart valves, skin and joints.

37
Q

What can erysipelas cause? (2)

A

Bacteraemia

Speticaemia

38
Q

What do joint infections of Erysipelas cause?

A

Turbid fibrinous arthritis

39
Q

How can we diagnose Erysipelas?

A

Serology - Serum/joint fluid

40
Q

How can you prevent Erysipelas?

A

Sows are usually vaccinated

41
Q

How can you treat erysipelas?

A

Antibiotics (penicillin) sometimes effective treatment (early).

42
Q

What is this?

A

Erysipelas

43
Q

Metabolic bone disease:

A) How common?

B) What is there a high incidence of?

C) What is the cause?

D) How do we diagnose?

A

A) Reasonably common - especially in organic farms or home made feed

B) Pathological fractures/ condemnations at slaughter

C) Ca:P ratio wrong but pathogenesis is just imbalance between vit D, Ca, P. (NB. Excessive vitamin D is toxic). Hence why common to see where they make their own feed and have got this ration wrong.

D) Histopathology

44
Q

What is this?

A

Metabolic bone disease

45
Q

Porcine stress syndrome:

A) What causes it?

B) What are the clinical signs? (5)

C) What breeds is it seen in?(3)

A

A) The ‘halothane gene’. Caused by a genetic mutation which is widespread and commercially important. The mutation occurs in the ryr-1 gene, which codes for the calcium release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.

B) Muscle tremors, dyspnoea, rapid increase in temp, collapse, death

C) Pietrain, Landrace, Duroc

46
Q

Who is clinically affected by porcine stress syndrome? Where is it thought to be beneficial?

A

Homogygotes are clinically affected. May be beneficial in heterozygotes (leaner carcass which is why It was common at one stage as this is the type of carcass we wanted).

47
Q

What is porcine stress syndrome associated with? (4)

A

PSS, Malignant hyperthermia, Pale Soft and Exudative (PSE) pork & Back muscle necrosis.

48
Q

What may help diagnose porcine stress syndrome?

A

Histopathology of heart and skeletal muscle

49
Q

Mycoplsma hyosynoviae:

A) What is the histological lesion?

B) Incubation period?

C) Diagnose? Include the 3 possible drugs

A

A) Plasmalymphocytis arthritis/ synovitis.

B) 1-3 weeks

C) Led by clinical signs and picture, the response to lincomycin/tiamuli/tylosin is a good indicator

50
Q

What is this?

A

Mycoplsma hyosynoviae

51
Q

What is Spinal Abscesses/ Septic Arthritis commonly the result of?

A

Bacteraemic spread from a focus of infecion e.g. tail bite or wound

52
Q

What are the signs of Spinal Abscesses/ Septic Arthritis?

How do we treat?

A
  • Affected joints swollen +/- abscessation
  • Pigs off legs but bright: variable paresis/ paralysis of hindlimbs.
  • Tx is seldom economical, usually culled for welfare reasons
53
Q

What are the 3 MSK diseases of growing/breeding gilts?

A
  • OCD
  • Erysipelas
  • Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
54
Q

What is this?

A

OCD

55
Q

What is OCD and what does it result in?

A

Defined as a non-infectious disease of the joint surface; it results in irreversible deterioration of articular cartilage quality and underlying bone

56
Q

Where is OCD most common in pigs? (2)

A

It is most common and severe in the articular cartilage of the humeral condyle and anconeal process of elbow joint of pigs and tends to be bilateral

57
Q

What is OCD due to?

A

Disturbance to the endochondral ossification of the articular cartilage when the bones are still developing

58
Q

What 4 things are OCD associated with?

A

–Rapid growth rate

–Nutrition

–Genetic factors

–Flooring and the surface

59
Q

What are the clinical signs of OCD? (6)

A

–Variable

–Pain when first standing

–Walking on knees

–Unwilling to extend carpi

–Ataxic, swaying gate

–Wide hind leg stance

60
Q

How would we diagnose and treat OCD?

A
  • Diagnosis by elimination and CS, PME is the only way to definitively diagnose it.
  • Tx ineffective
61
Q

How common are OCD lesions in sows?

A

84-95%

62
Q

What are the 2 MSK diseases in adult sows?

A
  • Epiphysiolysis
  • Foot/ shoulder Lesions
63
Q

What is Epiphysiolysis and what is it related to?

A
  • Fracture/separation of the bones at the epiphyseal plate.
  • Related to OCD – similar and related syndrom
64
Q

When do growth plates close?

A

3-3.5 years

65
Q

What happenswhen we move gilts with epiphysiolysis to service?

A

The femoral head shears off. Means you get acute non weight bearing lameness. See photo; prognosis here is hopeless.

66
Q

How can you prevent Epiphysiolysis? (2)

A

• Alter lactation nutrition, ensure gilts correct weight at breeding (120kg).

67
Q

How do you approach a lameness approach in a pig? (7)

A
  • If more than 2% of pigs are recorded lame per month further investigations are necessary.
  • Keep records of the time lameness occurs, which house the pig is in and if possible the visual appearance of the lameness. (how is it presenting? Age? House?)
  • If lameness involves the foot look closely at floor surfaces. (e.g. bruise)
  • Look for marks or scarring on the skin that might indicate external damage due to fighting.
  • Look for cuts or breaks in the skin related to sharp projections from the environment. The position of these on the body of the pig will indicate the height at which these are occurring. Typical examples are worn metal feeding troughs, worn metal pen divisions and bad slats.
  • If there is a high incidence of leg sores associated with fractures assess the conditions precipitating leg weakness.
  • Consider specific diseases, when piecing together.

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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