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Farm Animal Final Year > Acute Abdomen COPY > Flashcards

Acute Abdomen COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differnetials for an acute abdomen? (5)

A
  • Acute/chronic & local/diffuse peritonitis
  • Right torsion abomasum*
  • Caecal torsion*A
  • Bloat: primary/secondary*
  • Photosensitive dermatitis?
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2
Q

What is the diagnostic plan for an acute abdomen (6)

A
  • History taking
  • Clinical exam
  • Exploratory laparotomy
  • Ultrasonography
    • Assess extent, localisation and character, allows guided abdominocentesis
  • Peritoneal tap?
  • Biochemistry/Haematology?
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3
Q

What is seen on clinical examination of an acute abdomen? (6)

A
  • Reduced feed intake, drop in milk
  • Pyrexia (24-36h)
  • Hypovolaemia, toxaemia, shock (acute)
  • Reduced rumen activity/intensity, GI stasis, scant feces, abdominal distension
  • Rectal exam
    • Fibrinous adhesions abdomen
    • Distended SI on rectal examination
  • Signs of abdominal pain
    • Reluctance to move, arched back, grunt, treading hind legs, kicking abdomen, recumbency, pain tests
    • ­HR/RR
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4
Q

What is peritonitis often secondary to?

A

Diffuse:

  • Urethral obstruction (URI2)
  • Acute acidosis/rumenitis (GI2)
  • Toxic mastitis (Repro2)
  • Postpartum metritis (Repro2)
  • Perforated abomasal ulcer (GI2)

Local:

  • LDA/RDA (GI2)
  • Caecal torsion
  • TRP (GI2)
  • Uterine torsion/rupture, dystocia, caesarean, vaginal tear (Repro2)
  • Intestinal obstruction, volvulus, strangulation, intussusception, perforation (iatrogenic)
  • Splenic/Hepatic/Umbilical abscess (GI2)
  • Post surgical complications
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5
Q

Which cow type does a caecal torsion affect?

A

Earlt lactation dairy cows - Hypocalcaemia

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6
Q

How common is dilation in caecal torsion?

How common is a torsion?

A

Dilation - common

Torsion - rare

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7
Q

What are the differentials?

A

RTA/RDA (more cranial position)

Caecal dilation/torsion

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8
Q

How can you treat a caecal torsion?

A

Surgical

Right flank laparotomy, externalise and empty caecum using purse string suture, reposition, administer oral fluids, Calcium borogluconate, NSAIDs (2 days, i.e. ketoprofen), antibiotics (3 days, Procaine benzylpenicillin)

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9
Q

How can you treat a gastric dilation?

A

Surgical or conservative: calcium borogluconate, NSAIDs, spasmolytics

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10
Q

What is a strangulation and how common is it?

A
  • Prolapse of SI through mesenteric tear
  • Persistent urachus

= RARE

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11
Q

What is a volvulus?

and how common is it?

A

Torsion of the root of the mesentery

= RARE

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12
Q

How common is an intussusception?

A

RARE

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13
Q

How common is an intestinal obstruction?

A

RARE

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14
Q

How can you surgically treat Intestinal obstruction, volvulus, strangulation, intussusception, perforation (iatrogenic)?

A
  • Right flank approach
  • Principles as for other species
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15
Q

What is the terminology issue of bloat?

A

•“bloat” can mean ruminal dilatation
or just abdominal distension

•the rumen is most commonly responsible

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16
Q

What are the 2 aetiologies of ruminal bloat?

A

–Frothy (primary bloat); often herd problem

–Free gas (secondary bloat); failure to eructate; often individual animals

17
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A
  • High protein grass = ↑viscosity of ruminal fluid
    • Early grazing season, especially legumes such as alfalfa, high clover pasture
  • Forms “froth” – prevents eructation
  • Can pass stomach tube but doesn’t decompress
18
Q

How can you treat frothy bloat?

A

–Anti-foaming agents (e.g. Mineral oil, poloxalene – “BloatGuard”)

–If severe; decompress by rumenotomy initially (prognosis?)

–Diet management: take off pasture, late morning grazing, strip graze, feed hay before going onto grass

19
Q

Name causes of obstructive bloat(7)

A
  • Obstruction: foreign body (may be palpable)
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Prolonged lateral recumbency
  • Vagal nerve damage
  • Tetanus (rigidity, protrusion 3rd eyelid, hyperesthesia)
  • Actinobacillus
  • Outside pressure (carcinoma, papilloma, EBL, bTB)
20
Q

What does vagal nerve damage cause?
What is it secondary to?

A
  • ‘vagus indigestion’: enlarged rumen>bloat
  • Secondary to hardware disease, actinobacillosis (rumen/reticulum)
21
Q

What is a common cause of obstruction in cattle?

A
  • Large quantities of feed, rapid intakes
  • Root crops

–Potatoes, turnips, apples, fodder beet etc

22
Q

What are the signs obstruction “choke”?

A
  • Distress, extended neck, coughing
  • Obstruction at certain sites

–Oropharynx, thoracic inlet, heart base

–May palpate if cervical/Passage of a stomach tube

23
Q

How do you diagnose choke?

A

History and clinical appearance

24
Q

How can you treat obstruction (Choke)

A
  • Relieve rumen tympany if severe
    • Knife/Trocar and cannula in left paralumbar fossa
  • Administer spasmolytic IV/IM (some analgesic properties)
    • Butylscopolamine bromide and metamizole
    • Buscopan Compositum http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk
    • (!indication, withdrawal, lactation, pregnancy!)
  • Attempt removal using fingers or gentle pressure with stomach tube (using paraffin/cooking oil or lubricant)
  • Leave to macerate if rumen trocar/red devil is present
25
Q

What are the possible causes of abomasal bloat (3)

A
  • dietary changes (feeding routine)
  • poor milk clot formation
  • Clostridia?
26
Q

What are the clinical signs of abomasal bloat (4)

A
  • acute abdominal distension and pain
  • rapid dehydration
  • usually young calves (pre-weaning)
  • not relieved with stomach tube
27
Q

How do you manage abomasal bloat? (2)

A
  • Deflate using needle (various techniques)
  • Manage metabolic consequences (e.g. dehydration)
28
Q

When does calves get ruminal bloat?

A

–Usually slightly older calves

•Poor oesophageal groove closure

–Often just after weaning

–Causes not well understood

•Related to poor rumen development

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of ruminal bloat in calves? (3)

A

–Much more chronic

–Often recurrent

–May follow concentrate feeding

30
Q

How can we manage ruminal bloat in calves?

A

–Can create fistula or use long-term trocar (“Red Devil”) if necessary

31
Q
A

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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