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Farm Animal Final Year > Respiratory disease in poultry > Flashcards

Respiratory disease in poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Look at poultry integrator system?

A
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2
Q

What environmental factors effect respiratory disease?

A
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3
Q

Outline some broiler site statistics?

A
  • All in all out system
  • 7 day turnaround
  • ~30,000 birds per house
  • 4-7 houses per site
  • Whole house brooding
  • >20 lux lighting (4 hours dark/day)
  • Pan feeders
  • Nipple drinkers
  • All have to be on concrete floors for hygiene and salmonella control
  • When chicks arrive they are 50g
  • Shavings used as bedding
  • Controlled ventilation/humidity
  • Thinning at 35 days, depleted 42 days
  • Stocking level = 33Kg/m² (25kg/m² for broiler breeders)
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4
Q

Discuss laying systems in UK?

A
  • Enriched cages 750cm² to include 600cm² of useable area
  • Barn layers should be stocked @ 9 birds/m²
  • Free-range layers should have the same internal space and there should be no more than 2500 hens/ha on the range
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5
Q

Discuss UK turkey production?

A
  • UK Turkey Production
  • Breeders use artificial insemination due to size discrepancy between males and females
  • Young turkeys are reared in brood rings
  • Often stags are grown to six weeks, then moved to grow-out accommodation (brood and move can be a cause of stress)
  • Hens: all in/all out single site systems
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6
Q

Give a lung and air sac overview?

A

Not surprise we see resp disease so frequently in reared poultry as they have delicate air sac structures .

Inspiration one: caudal airsac (inspired air goes there before lungs)

  • On PM therefore more likely to see air sacculitis first
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7
Q

What are the clinical parameters?

A

Hen may mouth breathe initially in consult but if this does not go away as she calms then this is something to be concerned about

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8
Q

What are the respiratory disease clinical signs in poultry?

A
  • Coughing (snicking)
  • Sneezing
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Huddling
  • Ocular/nasal discharges
  • Discharge on wing feathers
  • bletharospasm
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Head shaking
  • Swollen heads
  • Inappetent
  • Abnormal water consumption
  • Mortality (flipovers)
  • In a shed want to see even spread of birds if they are all clumped this is indicative of disease.
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9
Q

What the differential diagnosis for the coughing bird in all poultry?

A

Avian influenza

Newcastle disease

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10
Q

What are the differential diagnosis for the coughing bird in hens?

A

Hens:

  • Infectious Bronchitis (IB)(sneezing)
  • Avian Rhinotracheitis (ART) (sneezing)
  • Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) (gasping)
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg)
  • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Infectious Coryza
  • E. coli
  • Gapeworm (gasping)
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11
Q

What are the differential diagnosis for the coughing bird in turkeys?

A

Turkeys:

  • Turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) (sneezing)
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • E. coli
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg)
  • Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
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12
Q

What are the differential diagnosis for the coughing bird in ducks?

A

Ducks:

  • E. coli
  • Reimerella anatipestifer (sneezing)
  • Aspergillosis
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13
Q

Discuss avian influenza?

A
  • Will infect, but not necessarily affect all poultry species
  • Turkeys are most susceptible to mortality
  • Waterfowl, esp. ducks, carry disease with no mortality and no clinical signs
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14
Q

Why is avian influenza notifiable?

A
  • Massive economic loss in an uncontrolled outbreak
  • Welfare issue of high mortality and morbidity
  • Possible zoonotic risk (though no human cases of last year’s H5N8)
  • LPAI (H5 or H7) could mutate to HPAI
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15
Q

What does avian influenza look like?

A

H and N are important because:

  • H is for attachment to and release within cells, N allows the virus to leave the cell (KEYS)
  • They define species specificity
  • We can easily target them with vaccines
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16
Q

Why are we so concerned about avian influenza?

A

We are concerned because it can cause massive mortality in poultry also if it occurs during human flu outbreak may lead to pandemic if it mutates

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17
Q

Discuss highly pathogenic and low pathogenic influenza A in poultry?

A

Highly pathogenic

  • severe disease
  • high mortality up to 100%
  • to date only[but not all] viruses of H5 or H7 subtype
  • Swollen comb and wattles

Low pathogenic

  • mild respiratory disease, depression, egg production problems
  • may exacerbate other infections/conditions
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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian influenza?

A

High Pathogenic virus infection

  • Anorexia
  • Mortality –up to 100% in 36 hours
  • Respiratory signs −Coughing (snicking), sneezing, ruffled feathers, swollen heads
  • Nervous signs like depression
  • Diarrhoea
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19
Q

Discuss low pathogenic avian influenza?

A

Low Pathogenic virus infection

  • Anorexia
  • Respiratory signs (like HP)
  • Nervous signs
  • Diarrhoea
  • Egg production drop
  • Blood seen at nose and cloaca
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20
Q

Discuss newcastle disease?

A

Paramyxovirus type 1

5 pathotypes:

Viscerotropic velogenic –high mortality with haemorrhages

Neurotropic velogenic –high mortality following respiratory and nervous signs

Mesogenic –low mortality following respiratory & nervous signs

Lentogenic respiratory –mild respiratory disease

Asymptomatic enteric –inapparent enteric infection

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of newcastle disease?

A

Respiratory signs -Coughing, sneezing, ruffled feathers, swollen heads

Nervous signs -Depression -Ataxia -Prostration

Opisthotonus

Mortality –similar to AI

Egg drop -Soft shelled eggs -Concentric rings on shell

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22
Q

What species are affected by Newcastle disease?

A
  • Will infect, but not necessarily affect all breeds of avian (over 250 species found to be carriers)
  • Racing Pigeons were the cause of the January 2018 outbreak in French Poultry
  • Any migrating bird poses a potential risk
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23
Q

Discuss vaccination for newcastle disease and AI?

A

Newcastle Disease

  • All commercial layers are vaccinated (2 x live & 2 inactivated in rear)
  • All broiler breeders are vaccinated
  • Hitchner B1(MSD), NDW (Zoetis), Avinew (Boehringer-Ingelheim)

AI

  • No vaccination allowed under control programme
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24
Q

Discuss infectious bronchitis?

A
  • Corona virus
  • Disease first recognised in USA in 1931 (Massachusetts Strain)
  • Worldwide problem in chickens
  • Now variant viruses common -793B, D274, 1466 & Italian O2, QX
  • Waves of viruses affect different countries
  • Coronaviruses found in intestines of gamebirds and turkeys
25
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious bronchitis?

A
  • Respiratory signs include sneezing, nasal discharge, lacrimation
  • Poor performance –weights in pullets
  • Egg drop in layers (up to 25%) as it does replicate in the repro tract
  • Blind layer syndrome (hydrosalpingitis)
  • Poor egg shell quality (can last 4-6 weeks) – pale shells or thin shells
  • Kidney effects (nephritis) –excess drinking / wet litter

Brown hens produce brown eggs unless they have infectious bronchitis they will get paler and paler

26
Q

How is infectious bronchitis controlled?

A

Control by vaccination

  • Farm –Mix of vaccines
  • 2 doses –2 weeks apart
  • Older birds at 10 –12 week intervals
  • Vaccines: (1000 dose vials minimum)

So if you have backyard rescue hens they most likely will have had these vaccines

27
Q

Discuss Avian Rhinotracheitis(ART)/ Turkey Rhinotracheitis(TRT)/ Swollen Head Syndrome?

A
  • Avian meta-pneumovirus
  • A & B strains seen in UK
  • C strain in USA
  • Started in turkeys in 1978
  • Now seen in chickens
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of Avian Rhinotracheitis?

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • Poor growth in young birds
  • Egg production drops in hens
  • facial & head swelling
  • ocular & nasal discharge
  • conjunctivitis, snick, dyspnoea, sinusitis
  • Post-mortem lesions:-serous rhinitis and tracheitis, pus in the bronchi
  • Live vaccines used extensively in the turkey industry
29
Q
A
30
Q

Discuss infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)?

A

Herpes virus

  • Only affects chickens (occasionally pheasants) –commonest in young birds
  • Respiratory route
  • Virus can survive for several weeks on ground –when cold even longer
  • Peracute form –sudden death
  • Haemorrhagic tracheitis / laryngitis
  • Vaccination by eye drop with live vaccines
  • Vector vaccines can be used in the hatchery
  • Broiler chickens don’t live long enough to get this
  • A nasty pharyngitis is seen on PM
31
Q
A
32
Q

Discuss mycoplasma infections?

A

A big one for backyard poultry

Vet school has had it a few times

This is a disease of wild birds wild pheasants and partridges and this is how it gets in.

Has a long incubation period. Nasty conjunctivitis and infraorbital sinusitis.

Many free range poultry are vaccinated against it

33
Q

Discuss Mycoplasma gallisepticum?

A
  • Epithelium of the conjunctiva, nasal passages, sinuses, and trachea are most susceptible to initial colonization and infection; however, in severe, acute disease, infection may also involve the bronchi, air sacs, and occasionally lungs.
  • Once infected, birds may remain carriers for life. There is a marked interaction (polymicrobial disease) between respiratory viruses, Escherichia coli , and M gallisepticum in the pathogenesis and severity of chronic respiratory disease.
  • Commonly seen in gamebirds, free range layers and seasonal turkeys. Very rare in breeder birds due to control measures. Live attenuated vaccines available
34
Q

Discuss Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?

A
  • A pasteurella-like bacterium
  • Unrelated to ART / TRT
  • Causes respiratory disease in young turkeys and chickens, and locomotor disease in older turkeys and chickens
  • A very common reason for poultry airsacculitis condemnation in processing plants; other lesions include bronchopneumonia, tracheitis and Achilles tendon abcessation
  • Spreads vertically and horizontally
  • Culture difficult / ELISA serology
  • Inactivated vaccine available for breeders
35
Q

Discuss Primary pathogenic E. coli?

A

Environmental organism

Can be typed to determine pathogenicity

Usually secondary to other conditions e.g. IB/Mg

Serositis distribution

  • Pericarditis
  • Peritonitis
  • Perihepatitis

Treatment based on Culture & Sensitivity

  • Wide range of antibiotics can be successful
  • Live vaccine available E. coli
36
Q

Discuss pasteurellosis?

A
  • Bacterial respiratory disease
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Pasteurella often associated with rodents (rats not mice) or sheep
  • Common in layers and turkeys
  • Causes severe pneumonia
  • High mortality potentially
  • High rejects in meat birds
  • Poorly responsive to medication other than Enrofloxacin and Amoxicillin
  • Inactivated commercial and autogenous vaccines used
37
Q

Discuss Infectious Coryza(IC)?

A
  • Avibacterium avium (formerly Haemophilus paragallinarum )
  • Severe respiratory disease first identified in backyard flocks by APHA and now seen in commercial free range layers
  • Impact on egg production
  • Low to significant mortality in non-protected flocks
  • Poor response to antibiotic treatment and no UK licenced vaccines
38
Q

Discuss Riemerella anatipestifer?

A
  • Probably more widespread in the UK duck industry than first thought
  • Certainly common in Asia
  • Poor hygiene increases the risk of infection
  • Diagnosis on culture (48 hours)
  • Responds well to antibiotic therapy Amoxicillin Chlortetracycline in food
  • Prevention -Hygiene Autogenous vaccination Management
  • Ducks usually very robust but this is one of the things that will knock them for six
39
Q

Discuss aspergillosis?

A
  • Contaminated bedding usual source: Straw-ducks
  • Young chicks often affected most
  • With age comes immunity
  • Gasping & mouth breathing
  • Sudden death
  • Fungal lesions in air sacs / lungs
  • Change the bedding source if it is a persistent problem
40
Q
A
41
Q

What is this?

A

Gape worm (syngamus trachea)

  • Never see this in meat birds but common in backyard poultry.
  • CS: gasping for air and gaping.
  • Longer female and shorter male worm with mouth parts attached to trachea.
  • Can scope to see them
  • Or do a worm egg count.
42
Q

Discuss syngamus trachea treatment regimes?

A

Licensed products

Flubendazole

Flubenvet: Feed for 7 days at 30ppm

Fenbendazole

Panacur Aquasol: In water 1mg/Kg for 5 days

Scratching area management

Range management

Remove faeces Replace scratching material Harrowing grassland Treatment Regimes

43
Q

Discuss diagnosis of poultry respiratory disease?

A
  • Clinical signs (nothing pathognomic)
  • Performance data
  • Post mortem examination
  • Culture for bacteria
  • Serology
  • Tracheal swabs or FTA cards for PCR
  • Virus isolation
  • Histopathology
44
Q

Discuss post mortem examination?

A
  • Because of flock sizes kept, mortalities are inevitable
  • Post mortem examination of fresh dead allows a unique opportunity to examine the internal organs of the birds
  • It is the mainstay of our examinations, but is complemented by other testing
  • Sample selection can impact on findings
  • Culls vs. Dead
  • Ideal batch size ~ 6 birds Post Mortem Examination
45
Q

Outline blood sampling technique in poultry?

A
  • Good restraint is very important
  • Brachial vein exposed by plucking feathers
  • Use 19 –23g needle or nick vein with sharp blade
  • Half fill blood tube
  • Bleeding will usually stop once wing is lowered
  • Put cap on tube and lie on side to clot
  • Send to laboratory asap (with paperwork)
  • DO NOT FREEZE
46
Q

Discuss assessment of antimicrobials in poultry treatment?

A
  • Sensitivity plates are still the standard test despite limitations
  • Must remember in vitro vs. in vivo differences
  • Main criteria for success is a drop in mortality
  • Other health & performance criteria can also be used
  • Most licensed products have a 3 to 7 day treatment period
  • Consider -cidal drugs for immunocompromised birds
  • In vitro resistance is frequently seen; consider your approach
  • Egg dipping & in ovo can impact on hatchability
  • Intensive antibiotic use high up the genetic pyramid may dramatically reduce use in commercial birds
47
Q

Discuss responsible use of antibiotics?

A
  • Responsible use of antimicrobials
  • Antibiotics must not be used as growth promoters
  • A constraint is the cost/benefit of treatment
  • Refer to RUMA http://www.ruma.org.uk/guidelines/vaccines/short/poultry%20vaccine%20s hort.pdf
  • Treatment is not an alternative to good husbandry, biosecurity measures and preventative programmes
  • MIC testing is used on isolates in epidemiological studies, sensitivity testing is used in diagnostic cases • Polypharmacy should be avoided
  • Meat withdrawal 28 days, eggs 7 days (what are the caveats?)
  • Abide by the law: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/2297/pdfs/uksi_20092297_en.pdf
  • & restrictions placed by assurance codes e.g. ACP, Lion Code, Freedom Foods, Soil Association
  • Be sensitive to the principles of the prescribing cascade http://www.vmd.defra.gov.uk/pdf/vmgn/VMGNote13.pdf
48
Q

Discuss routes of administration for poultry vaccines?

A
  • Drinking water
  • Spray: Hatchery cabinets On farm
  • Intra –ocular
  • In ovo ((vaccinated whilst they are still embryo in egg)
  • Injection (importance of maternally derived antibodies for commercial birds)
49
Q
A
50
Q

What is this?

A

Avian influenza: Pancreatitis & tracheitis

51
Q

Look at this newcastle disease?

A
52
Q

What is this?

A

Infectious bronchitis

53
Q

What is this?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

54
Q

Look at these images if infectious laryngotracheitis?

A
55
Q

What is this?

A

Avian Rhinotracheitis

56
Q

What is this?

A

E. coli septicaemia

57
Q

What is this?

A

Fowl Cholera Pasteurella multocida

58
Q
A

Farm Animal Final Year (131 decks)

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