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Second Year > SF3-physiology > Flashcards

SF3-physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tonic receptors

A

-slow or nonexistent adaptation
-continous signal transmission as long as stimuli is present
-monitoring parameters are continuously raised
Ex. Posture, proprioceptiors

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2
Q

Physic receptors

A

-fast adaptation
-stop transmitting if intensity of stimulus is continous/constant
-allows body to ignore superficial and constant stimuli
Ex. Touch of clothes

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3
Q

On what does conduction velocity depend?

A
  • the axons diameter

- degree of myelination (Salvatore conduction)

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4
Q

What are the two classes of nerve fibers?

A

General (motor+sensory):
-type A= large, myelinated fibers for fast signaling
-type C= small, unmyelinated fibers for slow signaling
Exclusive sensory:
-group 1A= fastest, muscle spindles
-group 1B= a bit slower, golgi tendon organs
-group 2= types A, discriminative touch
-group 3= types A,temperature, deep touch, acute pain
-group 4= type C, burning pain, itching, temperature, deep touch

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5
Q

What is somatovis real sensitivity?

A 
In skin and mucus:
-tactile sense (superficial)
-thermoreception
In locomotor system:
-proprioception (deep)
In most organs:
-nociception (pain)
In thoracoabdominal visceral:
-visceral sensitivity
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6
Q

What is the tactile sense?

A
  • The detecting of non-harmful mechanical stimuli
  • processed in CNS
  • touch, pressure, vibration, tickle
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7
Q

What kind of receptors does tactile sense have?

A
  • slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
  • rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors
  • type C mechanoreceptors
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8
Q

What are the types of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Merkel’s discs

- ruffini’s endings

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9
Q

What are the types of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A
  • meissner’s corpuscles
  • krause’s corpuscles
  • tactile hair
  • type C fibers (free nerve endings)
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10
Q

What are the very rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor?

A

Pack Ian corpuscles

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11
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sensory ability to control position and movement sequences
The perception of body in space

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12
Q

Where are the proprioception receptors localized?

A

In locomotor system

Muscles, tendons, bones, joints

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13
Q

What is the classification of proprioception receptors?

A

Muscle receptors:
- muscle spindle
-golgi tendon organ
Joint receptors

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14
Q

What is the muscle spindle?

A
  • fusiform budles of encapsulated and specialized muscle fibers (intrafusal)
  • sensitive to muscle stretching/change of length
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15
Q

What are the two types f intrafusal muscle fibers?

A
  • nuclear bag fibers=central portion dilated with multiple nuclei inside
  • nuclear chain fibers=nuclei arranged in a row
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16
Q

What are the sensory and motor components of muscle spindle?

A
  • primary+secondary sensory nerve fibers spiraling around central portion of intrafusal fibers, inform of muscle stretching
  • gamma motor neurons= a lower motor neuron keeping spindles tight, adjusting sensitivity
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17
Q

What are the muscle spindle sensory components?

A

primary/type 1a sensory fibers:
-wraps central part of both nuclear bag and chain fibers w annulospiral nerve endings
-rapid adaptation, constantly monitoring change in velocity of muscle stretch
Type 2 sensory fibers:
-innervates the ends of nuclear bag and chain fibers
-non adapting, informs about position continuously

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18
Q

What is the golgi tendon organ?

A
  • proprioception receptor organ situated at the origins/insertion of muscles into tendons
  • innervated by single afferent type 1b sensory nerve endings spiraling around collagen strands
  • detects muscle tension, both contraction and extension
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19
Q

What are the types of receptors in proprioception?

A
  • ruffini corpuscles= joint capsule, degree of rotation of joint
  • pacini’s corpuscles= joint capsule, sense of speed of movement
  • golgi tendon organs= ligaments, jerks or sudden contraction of tendon
  • muscle spindles= muscles, length/time of contraction
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20
Q

What are the thermoreceptors?

A

-sense of cold= surface of skin, Krause’s corpuscle, free endings w myelin
-sense of heat= deeper layers, ruffini’s corpuscles, free unmyelinated endings
Rapid adaptation

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of nociceptors?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • non existing in CNS, most of viscera
  • very little/no adaptation
  • continue perceiving stimuli until it ends
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22
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A 
Fast/acute pain:
-mainly felt in superficial tissues
-not felt in deeper tissues
Slow/chronic pain:
-associated w tissue destruction
-can occur in almost all types of tissues
23
Q

What are the types of nociceptors?

A

Polymodal:
-responds to mechanical, thermal, chemical high intensity stimuli
-slow, type C or 4 fibers
Mechanosensitive:
-fast pain, mechanical height intensity stimuli
-fibers A-delta or 3
-

24
Q

What are the types of pain stimuli?

A
  • Thermal pain= below 10, above 48 degrees
  • chemical pain= bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, Ach, acids, K+
  • mechanical pain= tissue disruption, ischemia, muscle spasm, excessive pressure
25
Q

What is the analgesia system?

A

In CNS, controlsystem suppressing pain impulses

  • areas in mesencephalon, upper pons, 3rd&4th ventricle
  • areas of lower pons, upper&lateral medulla
  • pain inhibitory complex in dorsal horns of spinal cord
26
Q

What are the characteristics of visceral pain?

A
  • mostly unconscious, related to regulation of activity
  • most consciously perceived sensations in response to mechanical/chemical stimuli
  • type 4 fibers
27
Q

Most common causes of visceral pain?

A
  • tissue ischemia
  • chemical stimuli
  • smooth muscle spasm
  • inflammation
28
Q

What is referred pain?

A
  • sensation of pain in part of body not related to tissue causing pain
  • convergence theory
29
Q

Characteristics of conscious ascending tracts

A

3 neurons

  • 1 neuron= sensory receptor of spinal nerve synapses in posterior root ganglion
  • 2 neuron= decussates and travel up spinal cord
  • 3 neuron= synapses in sensory nucleus in thalamus, projects to sensitive cerebral cortex
30
Q

Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

A

Lateral= pain and temperature
Anterior= crude touch, pressure
-1 neuron= enters dorsal root ganglia and synapses in posterior horns
-2 neuron= decussates and runs up through medial leminiscus of brain stem
-3 neuron= synapses in thalamus, through ventral posterolateral nucleus to sensory cortex

31
Q

Leminiscal/dorsal column tract

A

Fine touch, vibration, awareness of muscle coordination
F. Gracilis= lumbosacral level
F. Cuneatus= cervical level
-1 neuron= enters dorsal root ganglia
-2 neuron= synapses in medulla, decussates and travels up medial lemniscus of brain stem
-3 neuron= synapses in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus, ends sensory cortex

32
Q

Characteristics of unconscious spinocerebellar tract

A

2 neurons, unconscious proprioception of extremities and trunk (golgi tendon organ, muscle spindle)
Posterior/dorsal= direct, lower extremities
Anterior/ventral= crossed, trunk/upper extremities
-1 neuron= enters via dorsal root ganglia, synapses in dark column of dorsal nucleus
-2 neuron= synapses, decussates (anterior)or not (posterior) ascends to medulla and/or pons, through cerebellum peduncles and ends at cerebellar cortex

33
Q

Characteristics of motor neurons

A
  • alpha motorneurons innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers
  • gamma motorneurons innervate intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, makes up muscle spindle
34
Q

Characteristics of conscious descending pathways

A

3 neurons

  • 1 neuron= upper motor neuron, motor area of cerebral cortex, decussates and descends down to anterior horns of spinal cord
  • 2 neuron= very short, synapses in anterior horn
  • 3 neuron= lower motor neuron, exits through anterior root to skeletal muscle
35
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A
  • Conscious
  • Upper Motor neurons responsible for activating skeletal muscles for fine, voluntary and learnt movements
  • corticospinal tracts (lateral/ventral)
36
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • unconscious
  • upper motor neurons responsible for antigravity, involuntary and subconscious movements
  • for the assistance, modulation and regulation of pyramidal system
  • reticulospinal/vestibulospinal/rubrospinal/tactospinal/olivospinal tracts
37
Q

Characteristics of pyramidal system?

A 
Pass through:
-internal capsule
-cerebral peduncle
-basal part of pons
-pyramids of medulla
3 neurons= UMN+Interneuron=LMN
38
Q

Lateral and anterior corticospinal tract

A

Fine movements, voluntary, learnt and conscious

  • 1 neuron= UMN in ventral cortical layer of corona radiata, go to pyramids in medulla. Lateral decussates, anterior is ipsilateral
  • 2 neuron=Interneuron, short, synapses in anterior horn of f spinal cord
  • 3 neuron= LMN, synapses still in anterior horn, goes to skeletal muscle
39
Q

What is the corticonuclear tract?

A
  • Originating in face, primary motor cortex
  • does not reach spinal cord
  • involves the cranial nerves
  • most fibers end in reticular nuclei
  • most receive bilateral corticonuclear fibers
40
Q

Characteristics of extrapyramidal system?

A
  • involuntary motor tracts alternative to pyramidal tracts
  • originates in brainstem, does not pass the medullary pyramids
  • responsible for involuntary, subconscious and antigravity movement
  • maintains balance/equilibrium, posture while voluntary movements are performed
41
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

Facilitates flexor activity, inhibits antigravity and flexor muscles

  • 1 neuron= UMN in red nucleus of cerebral cortex & cerebellum, decussates and go through pons and medulla to lateral white matter
  • 2 neuron= Interneuron, synapses in grey horns
  • 3 neuron= LMN, from grey horns to skeletal muscle
42
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Facilitates extension, inhibits flexion, postural balance

  • 1 neuron= UMN, lateral vestibular nucleus of pons and medulla, receives into from vestibular Nerve and cerebellum, ipsilateral
  • 2 neuron= Interneuron, synapses in grey horns
  • 3 neuron= LMN, from grey horns to skeletal muscle
43
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

Controls proximal and axial muscles, extensor responses (position)

  • 1 neuron= UMN, reticular formation in midbrain, pons (mainly ipsilateral, pontine reticulospinal tract/medial to anterior white matter) medulla (crossed and direct, medullary reticulospinal tract/lateral to lateral white matter), receives info from cerebral cortex, thalamus, cerebellum.
  • 2 neuron= Interneuron, short, synapses in grey horns
  • 3 neuron= LMN, from grey horns to skeletal muscle
44
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

Reflex postural movement of head due to visual/auditory movement

  • 1 neuron= UMN, from superior culiculus of midbrain, decussates mainly, to anterior white matter
  • 2 neuron= Interneuron, short, in grey horns
  • 3 neuron= LMN, from grey horns to skeletal muscle
45
Q

Olivospinal tract

A

Not known function

  • 1 neuron= UMN, inferior Olivary nucleus of medulla, mainly decussates, go to lateral white matter
  • 2 neuron= Interneuron, short, synapses in grey horns
  • 3 neuron= LMN, from grey horns to skeletal muscle
46
Q

External Chemoreceptors and their basic function

A

Sensory receptors responding to chemical changes

  • alimentary
  • defencive
  • sexual
  • communicator
47
Q

The taste bud

A

2 types of modified epithelium
- taste cells
-basal cells (stem cells)
Taste pores is the only communication btw tastecells and exterior

48
Q

Categories of taste

A
  • sweet= organic molecules, sucrose, aldehyde
  • bitter= alkaloids, Quinn, caffeine
  • salty= ions of ionizable salts, NaCl, KCl
  • umami= amino acids, glutamate
49
Q

Channels for taste

A

Ion channels= salty, sour, bitter

Metabotrophic/G-protein= bitter, sweet

50
Q

Taste transduction

A
  • chemical stimuli
  • membrane potential
  • neurotransmission
  • AP through sensory neuron
  • impulse to CNS
51
Q

Gustatory pathway

A
  • 1 neuron= CN 7, 9, 10 sends signals to brainstem
  • 2 neuron= synapses in gustatory nucleus of tractus solitarius in medulla
  • 3 neuron= synapses in thalamus, ends in gustatory cortex
52
Q

Structures of olfactory sensitivity

A
  • Main Olfactory epithelium/MOE
  • Main Olfactory bulb/MOB
  • Vomeronasal organVNO
  • Acessory olfactory bulb/AOB
53
Q

Transduction pathway of olfactory sensitivity

A
  • chemical signal in olfactory epithelium
  • electric signal to OB
  • electrical signalto brain
  • olfactory tract
54
Q

What are the three cell types of olfactory epithelium?

A
  • supporting cells
  • olfactory cells
  • basal cells

Second Year (40 decks)

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