A.pathology Exam-unit 4

Question 1

What is sublethal injury?

Answer 1

• hypertrophy
• hyperplasia
• atrophy

Question 2

What is autophagocytosis?

Answer 2

The process of when cells with sublethal injury remove damaged and affected organelles
Autophagosomes are formed, which then fuses with lysosomes

Question 3

What is residual bodies in autophagocytosis?

Answer 3

• appears as eosinophilic inclusions
• some vacuoles leave the cell by exocytosis, or remain as residual bodies
• residual bodies content form lipofucsin “wear and tear pigments”
• common in liver and kidney

Question 4

What are the adaptive changes?

Answer 4

• hyperplasia
• hypertrophy
• metaplasia
• atrophy

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in size of organ due to cells increasing in size

• remains normal in architecture, but bigger-functional capacity increases with size
• common, protective, limited, reversible
• physiologic or pathologic

Question 6

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

Answer 6

Response to loss of an organ or part of organ-limited, then degenerative changes occur

Question 7

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 7

Increase in size of an organ due to increased number of cells
-ability to undergo hyperplasia varies, permanent cells=low

Question 8

How can hyperplasia be divided?

Answer 8

Hormonal=ex mammary gland, uterus
Compensatory:
When portion of organ is lost=ex liver
Pathological:
-often by excessive hormonal stimulation or chronic irritation=ex prostate, goiter

Question 9

What is metaplasia?

Answer 9

Potentially reversible change where adult cell is replaced with another cell type from same germ line
-usually from specialized epithelium to non-specialized
-can lead to neoplastic changes
Ex lung ciliated epithelia in smokers

Question 10

What is atrophy?

Answer 10

Decrease in size or amount of cells, tissue or organ after normal growth has been reached
-adaptive response
-physiologic or pathologic
Due to:
- decreased workload
-denervation
-decreased blood supply
-deficient nutritional supply
-loss of endocrine stimulation
-senility
-pressure atrophy
Still functional, but decrease in size of cell organelles=size
Grossly:
-less volume +height
-irregular surface
-increase of consistency if fibrosis
Histologically:
-smaller cells
-less organelles, increased vacuolization and lipofuscin

Question 11

What is serous atrophy?

Answer 11

Cachexy=complete or extensive loss of fat

• smaller adipocytes
• most evident in epidural+perineal fat
• can be caused by lack of nutrition, chronic infection, parasites, neoplasia etc