Pathology Exam-respiratory Syndromes1 Flashcards
What are the types of RF?
- Ventilation (obstructive, restrictive)
- diffusion
- perfusion
What are the types of pulmonary syndromes?
- emphysema
- pleural effusion
- fibrosis
- mediastinal syndrome
- pneumonic syndrome
- alectasis
- pneumothorax
What is emphysema?
Abnormal enlargement of air spaces in lung due to destruction of septal walls
What are the types of emphysema?
Alveolar:
-alveoli becomes permanently enlarged and septal walls destroyed
Interstitial:
- air present in connective tissue of the lung
What are the causes of emphysema?
- trauma
- inflammatory lung disease (air in but cannot get out properly)
- tumours
- lung parasites
- congenital bronchial hypoplasia
What is the physiopathology of emphysema?
- decreased alveolar surface= diffusion RF
- decreased pulmonary compliance= restrictive RF
- pulmonary hypertension= right sided heart failure
What are the clinical signs of emphysema?
- espiratory dispnoea
- dry cough
- tachycardia
- timpani sound
- cyanosis (if advanced)
What is pleural effusion?
Excess fluid accumulating in pleural cavity
What is the etiology of pleural effusion?
- increased hydrostatic pressure
- reduces plasma oncotic pressure
- increased vascular permeability
- lymphatic drainage obstruction
- bleeding
What in pleural effusions leads to transudate ?
-increased hydrostatic pressure
-reduced oncotic pressure
Clear, yellow, no odor or clot, low density+protein+leuk
What in pleural effusion leads to exudate?
-Inflammatory disorder
-Alteration in protein metabolism
Cloudy, opaque, variable color, odor, clots, high density+proteins+leuk
What in pleural effusion leads to haemothorax?
- coagulopathies
- bleeding (tumours, trauma)
What in pleural effusion leads to chylothorax?
Lymphatic drainage obstruction (lymphoma)
What are the signs of pleural effusion?
- mixed/inspiratory dyspnoea
- superficial, rapid breathing
- overinflated chest
- dull percussion
- reduced lung sounds
