Pathology Exam-respiratory Syndromes2

Question 1

What is fibrosis?

Answer 1

Replacement of lung parenchyma by fibrous tissue

Question 2

What is the etiology of fibrosis?

Answer 2

• inhalation of toxins
• drugs
• autoimmune
• idiopathic (age etc)

Question 3

What is the physiopathology of fibrosis?

Answer 3

• increased alveolar-capillary barrier thickness=diffusion RF
• decreased pulmonary distensibility= restrictive RF
• pulmonary hypertension= right sided heart failure

Question 4

What is the clinical signs of fibrosis?

Answer 4

• tachypnoea
• shallow breathing
• increased respiratory sounds/crackles
• dry cough

Question 5

What is mediastinal syndrome?

Answer 5

Group of clinical signs due to compression of mediastinal structures by any mass

Question 6

What is the etiology of mediastinal syndrome?

Answer 6

Mass of any kind

• tumor
• abscess
• haematoma

Question 7

What is the physiopathology of mediastinal syndrome?

Answer 7

• cranial vena cava compression=cranial vena cava syndrome
• airway obstruction=obstructive RF
• sympathetic trunk, vagal, laryngeal Nerve compression= neurological signs
• esophagus compression= regurgitation

Question 8

What is pneumonic syndrome?

Answer 8

Air within alveoli exchanged by fluid

Question 9

What is the etiology of pneumonic syndrome?

Answer 9

• pneumonia
• tumors
• hemorrhage

Question 10

What is the physiopathology of pneumonic syndrome?

Answer 10

• increased ACB thickness= diffusion RF
• decreased pulmonary distensibility= restrictive RF
• mismatch in V/Q ratio= increased alveolar dead space

Question 11

What is the clinical signs of pneumonic syndrome?

Answer 11

Linked to pulmonary condensation:
- cough
- decreased in thorax mobility
- dull percussion
- decreased vesicular murmur
Linked to infection:
- fever
-lethargy

Question 12

What is atelectasis?

Answer 12

Decrease in pulmonary volume due to complete or partial collapse of lung

Question 13

What is the etiology of atelectasis?

Answer 13

• contraction= lack of surfactant
• resorption/obstructive=bronchioli complete obstruction leading to air resorption and collapse
• compressive= tumors, pleural effusion leading to compression

Question 14

What is the clinical signs of atelectasis?

Answer 14

• inspiratory dyspnoea
• tachypnoea
• reduced size/movement of hemithorax
• dull percussion
• no auscultation sound

Question 15

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 15

Abnormal accumulation of air in pleural cavity

Question 16

What is the etiology of pneumothorax?

Answer 16

Traumatic:
-open= bite, gunshot...
- closed= laceration/breakage of bronchi, lung parenchyma, trachea
Spontaneous:
-primary= in healthy animal, idiopathic
- secondary= previous pulmonary disease

Question 17

What is the physiopathology of pneumothorax?

Answer 17

-air getting into pleural cavity
- accumulation of air=compression+collapse
-decreased functional capacity of contra-lateral lung
Decreased venous return to heart=decreased cardiac output
Restrictive alteration, tension pneumothorax

Question 18

What is the clinical signs of pneumothorax?

Answer 18

Respiratory insufficiency:
- inspiratory dyspnoea
- tachypnoea, superficial breathing
- cyanosis
Physical exam:
- increased volume+movement decrease in affected hemithorax
-timphanic percussion
- increased auscultation sounds