Para2-Nematodes

Question 1

Order Enoplida general features

Answer 1

No phasmids
Stichosome/Moniliform oesophagus
Anterior part narrower than posterior
L1 infective stage

Question 2

Genus Trichinella

Answer 2

ZOONOTIC

• T.spiralis, T.pseudospiralis
• Very small
• Male with genital claspers
• L1 infective stage, in striated muscle
• Autoheteroxenus cycle
• Viviparous female, shed L1 (has stylet)
• Can create “nurse cells” when encysting
• Domestic or Sylvatic Life cycle

Question 3

Genus Trichuris

Answer 3

• “Whip Worms” Intestinal, mainly caecum
• T.ovis, T.skrjabini, T.discolor, T.globuosa in ruminants
• T.Suis in pigs
• T.vulpis in canids
• T.campanula, T.serrata in cats
• T.trichiura in human
• Long, narrow oesophagus
• Head on narrower part
• Lemon-shaped eggs with polar plugs, unembryonated
• Male have curved tail and spicular sheat, one spicule
• Eggs with L1, infective stage

Question 4

Genus Capillaria

Answer 4

• In birds and mammals intestines, sometimes bladder
• C.caudinflata, C.concorta in birds
• C.plica, C.feliscati, C.hepatica, C.aerophila in mammals
• short and narrow
• Males have spicule, non-spinous sheath
• Barrel-shaped eggs with polar plugs, dark brown color
• unembryonated eggs, L1 is infective stage
• Mammal species have direct L.C
• Bird species have indirekt or direct L.C
• Earthworms are I.H and paratenic host

Question 5

Order Oxyurida general features

Answer 5

• Oxyriform oesopagus
• small to medium size
• Mouth with Three large and Three small lips
• Males with single spicule, precloacal pappilae
• Female longer than males, log pointed tail
• Operculated eggs with one flat side
• L3 is infectious stage
• In large intestine and rectum
• Eggs laid in rectum during night, itching

Question 6

Genus Passalurus

Answer 6

• In lagomorphs

* P.ambiguus

Question 7

Genus Oxuris

Answer 7

• In horses

* O.equi

Question 8

Genus Enterobius

Answer 8

• In human

* E.vermicularis

Question 9

Order Spirurida general features

Answer 9

“Heart/blood worms”
Ovo-viviparous or viviparous females
Anterior part of body ornamented
Males have ventrally curled tail

Question 10

Genus Dirofiliaria

Answer 10

*“Heart worm”
*
*Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
*Female sheds microfilariae into blood stream
*Travels to peripheral vessels during night ->mosquitoes

Question 11

Genus Acanthoheilonema

Answer 11

In canids
Not pathogenic
Microfiliariae in blood, needs to be destinguished fron Dirofilaria

Question 12

Genus Ascarops

Answer 12

In swine stomach
Straight pharynx with spirals
Male have curled tail

Question 13

Genus Strongyloides

Answer 13

ZOONOTIC
*In most animals, Small intestine
*S.papillosus in ruminants and rabbits
*S.westeri in horses and pigs
*S.ransomi in swine
*S.stercolaris in humans ans carnivores, eggs eclosionate in intestine
*S.cati in cats
S.avium in birds
*small
*Females parasitic, lay egg by parthenogenesis
*Alternating Life cycle (free-living vs parasitic)Homogonic vs heterogonic
*Parasitic stage: adult female in small intestine)
*Larvated eggs with thin shell shed in faeces
*L1 have rhabditiform esophagus (malesfemales)
*L3 has filariform esophagus, infective (female)
*Hyperinfection and autoinfection has been described

Question 14

Order Ascaridida general features

Answer 14

Mouth with Three lips
Males with two spicules
Eggs with thick Shell
In small intestines

Question 15

Genus Ascaris

Answer 15

In swine and man
Eggs with thick pitted Shell “turtle-shell”
Male have curled tail

Question 16

Genus Toxocara

Answer 16

ZOONOTIC (Visceral Larva Migrans)
Canids, felids, cattle
Pigmented egg content, pitted outer Shell
Cervical alae

Question 17

Genus Toxascaris

Answer 17

ZOONOTIC (Visceral Larva Migrans)
Canids and Felids
Eggs with pale egg content smooth outer Shell
Cervical alae

Question 18

Genus Parascaris

Answer 18

In horses
Eggs with thick pitted Shell, dark Brown color
Curled tail in males

Question 19

Genus Anisakis

Answer 19

ZOONOTIC
In stomach of marine mammals
L3 with tooth on head, mucron at tail end

Question 20

Genus Ascaridia

Answer 20

In small intestine of birds
Non bursated males, alae and precloacal sucker
Eggs oval with smooth Shell, less content

Question 21

Genus Heterakis

Answer 21

In caecum of birds
Non bursated males with alae, precloacal sucker
Eggs with smooth Shell, more content
Smaller than Anisakis

Question 22

Order Strongylida general features

Answer 22

Three superfamilies
Strongyliform oesophagus
Males with copulatory bursa
Strongyle type eggs

Question 23

Genus Ostertagia/Teladorsagia

Answer 23

In abomasum of ruminants
Females with large vulvar flap, ovijectors
Long, thin spicules of similar shape
“Good weather forecasters”

Question 24

Genus Haemonchus

Answer 24

In abomasum of ruminants
Female with large vulvar flap, “barbers-pole”
Males have barbed spicules, asymmetrical dorsal lobule

Question 25

Genus Nematodirus

Answer 25

In duodenum/small intestine of ruminants
Long, slender spicules with fused tips
Eggs large and ovoid, thin Shell, colourless, >16 blastomeres

Question 26

Genus Trichostrongylus

Answer 26

In small intestine of ruminants, also birds
Small and very thin
Male have short asymmetrical spicules

Question 27

Genus Dictyocaulus

Answer 27

Great lungworm of ruminants and horses
Males with short copuatory bursa, s-shaped undulating spicules
Ovo-viviparous females
Eggs with fully developed lvae, fast hatching=L1 in faeces

Question 28

Genus Ancylostoma

Answer 28

ZOONOTIC (visceral Larva Migrans)
In small intestine of carnivores
Anterior part distinctly curved “hookworms”
Large buccal capsule with 3 pairs of marginal teeth

Question 29

Genus Uncinaria

Answer 29

ZOONOTIC (Visceral Larva Migrans)
In small intestine of carnivores
Chitinous cutting plates on buccal capsule
Males have copulatory bursa and culed tail end

Question 30

Genus Oesophagostomum

Answer 30

In small intestine of ruminants and swine
“nodular worm” due to nodules when reinfected
Cephalic and cervical vesicles, alae, papilla

Question 31

Genus Chabertia

Answer 31

In large intestine of rumnants

Very developed buccal capsule

Question 32

Genus Strongylus

Answer 32

In large intestine of horses
Very common and important
have 0-4 teeth
Larval migratory routes

Question 33

Genus Muellerius/Cystocaulus/Neostrongylus/Protostrongylus

Answer 33

Small lungworms of ruminants

Differentiated due to tail appendices

Question 34

Genus Metastrongylus

Answer 34

Lungworm of swine
In diaphragmic lobes of lung and bronchi
Larvated eggs in faeces
Male with coulatory bursa and long spicule

Question 35

Genus Aelurostrongylus

Answer 35

Lungworm of felids

Ornamentation at end of tail

Question 36

Genus Angiostrongylus

Answer 36

Lungworm of canids

Tail with dorsal and ventral notches

Question 37

Order Dioctophymatida, Doctophyme renale

Answer 37

• In parenchyma and renal pelvis of fish-eating carnivores
• Largest known nematode <1m
• Blood erd color, hematophagous
• Male with copulatory bursa and one spicule
• Barrel-shaped eggs with thick pitted Shell, unembryonated
• Eggs develop in water
• Occlusionate in I.H (parasitic annelids og caryfish),
• L4 penetrates intestinal wall-> kidney of D-H
• Frogs and freshwater fish is paratenic host

Question 38

Order Rhabditida general features

Answer 38

• With phasmids
• Rhabditiform esophagus
• Small buccal capsule with 3-6 lips
• Female with reduced reproductive organs
• Alternate prasitic and free-living phases

Question 39

Genus Habronema

Answer 39

• Habronema Muscae
• Mucosa of Equine stomach
• Yellow-orange color
• Elongated transparent eggs, thin Shell
• Eggs eclosionate in stomach/intestine
• L1 ingested by larvae of fly, L3 in proboscis
• L3 is laid in lips of horses
• Gastric or cutaneous Hebronematosis
• L3 can be laid in difefrent places, but cannot evolve

Question 40

Genus Thelazia

Answer 40

• In conjuctival sac and lacrimal duct
• T.gulosa, T.rhodesi, T.skrjabini in cattle
• T.alfortensis, T.lacrymalis in horses
• T.californiensis, T.callipeda in carnivores
• Thin, small, whitish
• Viviparous females
• L1 ingested by flies, eggs laid in D.H by flies contain L3