Pathology Exam- Leukocytes Flashcards
What are the types of granulocytes?
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
- basophils
Specific cytoplasmic granules
Segmented nuclei
What are the types of agranulocytes?
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
No granules
Non-segmented nuclei
What are the main target of neutrophils?
Bacteria
Fungi
What are the main target of eosinophils?
Larger parasites
Modulates allergic inflammatory processes
What are the main targets for lymphocytes?
B-cells= antibody production+activation of T-cells T-cells= CD4+, CD8+, regulatory T-cells, NK cells
What is the main target of monocytes?
Become macrophages in the tissue
What is a leukogram?
- Total WBC count
- differential cell count
- WBC morphological features, incl parasites
What is the Pathophysiology of neutrophils?
- most abundant type of WBC in mammals
- first line of defence
- increased segmentation as they mature
- regulated by G-CSF when inflammation
What are the neutrophilic medullary compartments?
In BM
- proliferating pool (dividing cells)
- maturation pool (metamielocytes, bands)
- storage/reserve pool (mature)
What are the neutrophils vascular compartments?
After leaving BM
-circulating neutrophilic pool (larger vessels)
- marinated neutrophilic pool (small vessels)
When stress= neutrophils leave MNP to CNP
Half-life 6-7 hrs
What is neutrophilia?
Increased number of mature neutrophils Causes: -Shift from MNP to CNP (stress) - increased BM production - granulocytic leukemia
What is Arneth index?
Shows distribution of neutrophils
Left shift= juvenile forms (bands)
Right shift= mature forms
What is left-shift neutrophilia?
increase of band neutrophils
- regenerative left-shift= more segmented than bands
- degenerative left-shift=depletion of mature neutrophils, frequently neutropenic
What is toxic neutrophils?
Morphological abnormalities acquired during intense stimulated neutrophil production
- usually inflammatory conditions
- cytoplasmic vacuolization
- Dhole bodies
- cytoplasmic basophilia
- toxic granulation
What are physiological reasons for lymphocytosis?
- Postvacunal reactions in puppies/kittens
- epinephrine response
What are pathological reasons for lymphocytosis?
- prolonged antigenic stimulation/ chronic infection
- hypersensibility reactions
- hypoadrenocorticism
- lymphocytic leukemia
What are the reasons for eosinophilia?
- parasites
- hypersensibility
- others: infections, neoplasia
What are the reasons for eosinophilia?
- IgE production
- inflammations
- neoplasia
- hyperlipoproteinaemia
What are the leukogram of leukocytosis?
Changes in total and differential leukocyte count
- physiological/epinephrine induced
- stress neutrophilia
- inflammatory neutrophilia
What are physiological/epinephrine induced leukocytosis?
fight or flight response - mobilization of neutrophils from marginal to circulatory pool - mature neutrophilia= no left shift Spleen contraction - mild lymphocytosis, erythrocytosis -quick return to normal
Describe a stress leukogram
Due to increase of corticosteroids, very common -endogenous stress - hyperadrenocorticism - exogenous administration Shows on leukogram: - neutrophilia MNP to CNP - lymphopenia - eosinopenia - monocytosis
What is an inflammatory leukogram?
Due to inflammatory cytokines Acute: - neutrophilia with left shift - toxic neutrophils - can have lymphopenia and eosinopenia - monocytosis Chronic shows similar but mild changes
What is an overacute inflammatory leukogram?
- demand exceeds production
- exhaustion of medullary pool
- release of immature neutrophils
- leads to neutropenia/leukopenia
- monocytosis= tissue destruction
- lymphopenia
What are causes of leukopenia?
- low production (drugs, virus, neoplasia)
- increased consumption (inflammatory, shock, anesthesia)
- immune mediated destruction
What is leukemia?
- neoplasia of hematopoietic cell lineages in BM
- presence of neoplasticism cells in blood and/or BM
How do you classify leukemia?
According to cell lineage: - lymphoprilferative - myeloproliferative Due to Clinical course: - acute -chronic With blood test: -aleukemic leukemia - leukemia leukemia - subleukemic leukemia
What is myeloid leukemia?
Leukemia of myeloid origin
- granulocytic cells
- monocytic cells
- megakaryocytic cells
- erythroid cells
What is lymphoid leukemia?
Leukemia of lymphoid origin
- T-cells
- B-cells
- NK cells
What is acute leukemia?
-Rapid increase in no of immature cells
-BM unable to produce healthy cells
Invasion of blasts of BM
Leads to:
-anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutro/lymphopenia
Signs:
-unspecific, acute or subacute
Diagnosis:
-blood smear w high presence of blasts
- BM biopsy if aleukemic
What is chronic leukemia?
- proliferation of mature blood cells
- long course, mild diseases
What is aleukemic leukemia?
- no peripheral presence of neoplasticism cells
- BM invaded with neoplasticism cells
What is sbleukemic leukemia?
- presence of abnormal cells in peripheral blood
- no increase in leukocyte count
What is leukemia leukemia?
- presence of neoplastic cells in peripheral blood
- elevated WCC
What is the pathophysiology of leukemia?
Overgrowth of one WBC line - decreased no of other blood cells -affected cells have decreased function Leads to: -clotting defects - anemia - immunosuppression
What is multiple myeloma?
BM infiltration of malignant plasma cells
-clonal expansion of single neoplastic cell producing identical Ig protein, paraprotein or monoclonal protein
Pathiophysiology:
- hyper viscosity syndrome
- osteolysis, bone fractures
- cytopenia (increased bleeding, BM infiltration)
What is a lymphoma?
Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs
Types:
- multicentric=lymph nodes
-mediastinal/thymic= lymph nodes of thorax and possibly thymus
-extranodal= kidney, CNS, skin, heart, eye
What is general signs and pathiophysiology of lymphomas?
General signs: - depression, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding Specific signs (dep. on location) - reduced lymphatic drainage=edema - intestinal involvement - mediastinal syndrome= dyspnoea, regurgitation - ocular problems - hypercalemia
