Pathology Exam- Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
- basophils
Specific cytoplasmic granules
Segmented nuclei

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2
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

-lymphocytes
-monocytes
No granules
Non-segmented nuclei

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3
Q

What are the main target of neutrophils?

A

Bacteria

Fungi

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4
Q

What are the main target of eosinophils?

A

Larger parasites

Modulates allergic inflammatory processes

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5
Q

What are the main targets for lymphocytes?

A
B-cells= antibody production+activation of T-cells
T-cells= CD4+, CD8+, regulatory T-cells, NK cells
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6
Q

What is the main target of monocytes?

A

Become macrophages in the tissue

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7
Q

What is a leukogram?

A
  • Total WBC count
  • differential cell count
  • WBC morphological features, incl parasites
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8
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of neutrophils?

A
  • most abundant type of WBC in mammals
  • first line of defence
  • increased segmentation as they mature
  • regulated by G-CSF when inflammation
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9
Q

What are the neutrophilic medullary compartments?

A

In BM

  • proliferating pool (dividing cells)
  • maturation pool (metamielocytes, bands)
  • storage/reserve pool (mature)
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10
Q

What are the neutrophils vascular compartments?

A

After leaving BM
-circulating neutrophilic pool (larger vessels)
- marinated neutrophilic pool (small vessels)
When stress= neutrophils leave MNP to CNP
Half-life 6-7 hrs

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11
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A
Increased number of mature neutrophils
Causes:
-Shift from MNP to CNP (stress)
- increased BM production
- granulocytic leukemia
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12
Q

What is Arneth index?

A

Shows distribution of neutrophils
Left shift= juvenile forms (bands)
Right shift= mature forms

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13
Q

What is left-shift neutrophilia?

A

increase of band neutrophils

  • regenerative left-shift= more segmented than bands
  • degenerative left-shift=depletion of mature neutrophils, frequently neutropenic
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14
Q

What is toxic neutrophils?

A

Morphological abnormalities acquired during intense stimulated neutrophil production

  • usually inflammatory conditions
  • cytoplasmic vacuolization
  • Dhole bodies
  • cytoplasmic basophilia
  • toxic granulation
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15
Q

What are physiological reasons for lymphocytosis?

A
  • Postvacunal reactions in puppies/kittens

- epinephrine response

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16
Q

What are pathological reasons for lymphocytosis?

A
  • prolonged antigenic stimulation/ chronic infection
  • hypersensibility reactions
  • hypoadrenocorticism
  • lymphocytic leukemia
17
Q

What are the reasons for eosinophilia?

A
  • parasites
  • hypersensibility
  • others: infections, neoplasia
18
Q

What are the reasons for eosinophilia?

A
  • IgE production
  • inflammations
  • neoplasia
  • hyperlipoproteinaemia
19
Q

What are the leukogram of leukocytosis?

A

Changes in total and differential leukocyte count

  • physiological/epinephrine induced
  • stress neutrophilia
  • inflammatory neutrophilia
20
Q

What are physiological/epinephrine induced leukocytosis?

A
fight or flight response
- mobilization of neutrophils from marginal to circulatory pool
- mature neutrophilia= no left shift
Spleen contraction
- mild lymphocytosis, erythrocytosis
-quick return to normal
21
Q

Describe a stress leukogram

A
Due to increase of corticosteroids, very common 
-endogenous stress
- hyperadrenocorticism
- exogenous administration
Shows on leukogram:
- neutrophilia MNP to CNP
- lymphopenia
- eosinopenia
- monocytosis
22
Q

What is an inflammatory leukogram?

A
Due to inflammatory cytokines
Acute:
- neutrophilia with left shift
- toxic neutrophils
- can have lymphopenia and eosinopenia
- monocytosis
Chronic shows similar but mild changes
23
Q

What is an overacute inflammatory leukogram?

A
  • demand exceeds production
  • exhaustion of medullary pool
  • release of immature neutrophils
  • leads to neutropenia/leukopenia
  • monocytosis= tissue destruction
  • lymphopenia
24
Q

What are causes of leukopenia?

A
  • low production (drugs, virus, neoplasia)
  • increased consumption (inflammatory, shock, anesthesia)
  • immune mediated destruction
25
What is leukemia?
- neoplasia of hematopoietic cell lineages in BM | - presence of neoplasticism cells in blood and/or BM
26
How do you classify leukemia?
``` According to cell lineage: - lymphoprilferative - myeloproliferative Due to Clinical course: - acute -chronic With blood test: -aleukemic leukemia - leukemia leukemia - subleukemic leukemia ```
27
What is myeloid leukemia?
Leukemia of myeloid origin - granulocytic cells - monocytic cells - megakaryocytic cells - erythroid cells
28
What is lymphoid leukemia?
Leukemia of lymphoid origin - T-cells - B-cells - NK cells
29
What is acute leukemia?
-Rapid increase in no of immature cells -BM unable to produce healthy cells Invasion of blasts of BM Leads to: -anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutro/lymphopenia Signs: -unspecific, acute or subacute Diagnosis: -blood smear w high presence of blasts - BM biopsy if aleukemic
30
What is chronic leukemia?
- proliferation of mature blood cells | - long course, mild diseases
31
What is aleukemic leukemia?
- no peripheral presence of neoplasticism cells | - BM invaded with neoplasticism cells
32
What is sbleukemic leukemia?
- presence of abnormal cells in peripheral blood | - no increase in leukocyte count
33
What is leukemia leukemia?
- presence of neoplastic cells in peripheral blood | - elevated WCC
34
What is the pathophysiology of leukemia?
``` Overgrowth of one WBC line - decreased no of other blood cells -affected cells have decreased function Leads to: -clotting defects - anemia - immunosuppression ```
35
What is multiple myeloma?
BM infiltration of malignant plasma cells -clonal expansion of single neoplastic cell producing identical Ig protein, paraprotein or monoclonal protein Pathiophysiology: - hyper viscosity syndrome - osteolysis, bone fractures - cytopenia (increased bleeding, BM infiltration)
36
What is a lymphoma?
Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs Types: - multicentric=lymph nodes -mediastinal/thymic= lymph nodes of thorax and possibly thymus -extranodal= kidney, CNS, skin, heart, eye
37
What is general signs and pathiophysiology of lymphomas?
``` General signs: - depression, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding Specific signs (dep. on location) - reduced lymphatic drainage=edema - intestinal involvement - mediastinal syndrome= dyspnoea, regurgitation - ocular problems - hypercalemia ```