Pathology Exam- Leukocytes

Question 1

What are the types of granulocytes?

Answer 1

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
- basophils
Specific cytoplasmic granules
Segmented nuclei

Question 2

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 2

-lymphocytes
-monocytes
No granules
Non-segmented nuclei

Question 3

What are the main target of neutrophils?

Answer 3

Bacteria

Fungi

Question 4

What are the main target of eosinophils?

Answer 4

Larger parasites

Modulates allergic inflammatory processes

Question 5

What are the main targets for lymphocytes?

Answer 5

B-cells= antibody production+activation of T-cells
T-cells= CD4+, CD8+, regulatory T-cells, NK cells

Question 6

What is the main target of monocytes?

Answer 6

Become macrophages in the tissue

Question 7

What is a leukogram?

Answer 7

• Total WBC count
• differential cell count
• WBC morphological features, incl parasites

Question 8

What is the Pathophysiology of neutrophils?

Answer 8

• most abundant type of WBC in mammals
• first line of defence
• increased segmentation as they mature
• regulated by G-CSF when inflammation

Question 9

What are the neutrophilic medullary compartments?

Answer 9

In BM

• proliferating pool (dividing cells)
• maturation pool (metamielocytes, bands)
• storage/reserve pool (mature)

Question 10

What are the neutrophils vascular compartments?

Answer 10

After leaving BM
-circulating neutrophilic pool (larger vessels)
- marinated neutrophilic pool (small vessels)
When stress= neutrophils leave MNP to CNP
Half-life 6-7 hrs

Question 11

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 11

Increased number of mature neutrophils
Causes:
-Shift from MNP to CNP (stress)
- increased BM production
- granulocytic leukemia

Question 12

What is Arneth index?

Answer 12

Shows distribution of neutrophils
Left shift= juvenile forms (bands)
Right shift= mature forms

Question 13

What is left-shift neutrophilia?

Answer 13

increase of band neutrophils

• regenerative left-shift= more segmented than bands
• degenerative left-shift=depletion of mature neutrophils, frequently neutropenic

Question 14

What is toxic neutrophils?

Answer 14

Morphological abnormalities acquired during intense stimulated neutrophil production

• usually inflammatory conditions
• cytoplasmic vacuolization
• Dhole bodies
• cytoplasmic basophilia
• toxic granulation

Question 15

What are physiological reasons for lymphocytosis?

Answer 15

• Postvacunal reactions in puppies/kittens

- epinephrine response

Question 16

What are pathological reasons for lymphocytosis?

Answer 16

• prolonged antigenic stimulation/ chronic infection
• hypersensibility reactions
• hypoadrenocorticism
• lymphocytic leukemia

Question 17

What are the reasons for eosinophilia?

Answer 17

• parasites
• hypersensibility
• others: infections, neoplasia

Question 18

What are the reasons for eosinophilia?

Answer 18

• IgE production
• inflammations
• neoplasia
• hyperlipoproteinaemia

Question 19

What are the leukogram of leukocytosis?

Answer 19

Changes in total and differential leukocyte count

• physiological/epinephrine induced
• stress neutrophilia
• inflammatory neutrophilia

Question 20

What are physiological/epinephrine induced leukocytosis?

Answer 20

fight or flight response
- mobilization of neutrophils from marginal to circulatory pool
- mature neutrophilia= no left shift
Spleen contraction
- mild lymphocytosis, erythrocytosis
-quick return to normal

Question 21

Describe a stress leukogram

Answer 21

Due to increase of corticosteroids, very common 
-endogenous stress
- hyperadrenocorticism
- exogenous administration
Shows on leukogram:
- neutrophilia MNP to CNP
- lymphopenia
- eosinopenia
- monocytosis

Question 22

What is an inflammatory leukogram?

Answer 22

Due to inflammatory cytokines
Acute:
- neutrophilia with left shift
- toxic neutrophils
- can have lymphopenia and eosinopenia
- monocytosis
Chronic shows similar but mild changes

Question 23

What is an overacute inflammatory leukogram?

Answer 23

• demand exceeds production
• exhaustion of medullary pool
• release of immature neutrophils
• leads to neutropenia/leukopenia
• monocytosis= tissue destruction
• lymphopenia

Question 24

What are causes of leukopenia?

Answer 24

• low production (drugs, virus, neoplasia)
• increased consumption (inflammatory, shock, anesthesia)
• immune mediated destruction

Question 25

What is leukemia?

Answer 25

• neoplasia of hematopoietic cell lineages in BM

- presence of neoplasticism cells in blood and/or BM

Question 26

How do you classify leukemia?

Answer 26

According to cell lineage:
- lymphoprilferative
- myeloproliferative
Due to Clinical course:
- acute
-chronic
With blood test:
-aleukemic leukemia
- leukemia leukemia
- subleukemic leukemia

Question 27

What is myeloid leukemia?

Answer 27

Leukemia of myeloid origin

• granulocytic cells
• monocytic cells
• megakaryocytic cells
• erythroid cells

Question 28

What is lymphoid leukemia?

Answer 28

Leukemia of lymphoid origin

• T-cells
• B-cells
• NK cells

Question 29

What is acute leukemia?

Answer 29

-Rapid increase in no of immature cells
-BM unable to produce healthy cells
Invasion of blasts of BM
Leads to:
-anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutro/lymphopenia
Signs:
-unspecific, acute or subacute
Diagnosis:
-blood smear w high presence of blasts
- BM biopsy if aleukemic

Question 30

What is chronic leukemia?

Answer 30

• proliferation of mature blood cells

- long course, mild diseases

Question 31

What is aleukemic leukemia?

Answer 31

• no peripheral presence of neoplasticism cells

- BM invaded with neoplasticism cells

Question 32

What is sbleukemic leukemia?

Answer 32

• presence of abnormal cells in peripheral blood

- no increase in leukocyte count

Question 33

What is leukemia leukemia?

Answer 33

• presence of neoplastic cells in peripheral blood

- elevated WCC

Question 34

What is the pathophysiology of leukemia?

Answer 34

Overgrowth of one WBC line
- decreased no of other blood cells
-affected cells have decreased function 
Leads to:
-clotting defects
- anemia
- immunosuppression

Question 35

What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 35

BM infiltration of malignant plasma cells
-clonal expansion of single neoplastic cell producing identical Ig protein, paraprotein or monoclonal protein
Pathiophysiology:
- hyper viscosity syndrome
- osteolysis, bone fractures
- cytopenia (increased bleeding, BM infiltration)

Question 36

What is a lymphoma?

Answer 36

Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs
Types:
- multicentric=lymph nodes
-mediastinal/thymic= lymph nodes of thorax and possibly thymus
-extranodal= kidney, CNS, skin, heart, eye

Question 37

What is general signs and pathiophysiology of lymphomas?

Answer 37

General signs:
- depression, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding
Specific signs (dep. on location)
- reduced lymphatic drainage=edema
- intestinal involvement
- mediastinal syndrome= dyspnoea, regurgitation 
- ocular problems
- hypercalemia