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Msk > Session 5 MSK > Flashcards

Session 5 MSK Flashcards

1
Q

The neural tube contains the

A

Precursor cells of the nervous system

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2
Q

What happens in an 18 day embryo

A
  • Influence of notochord
  • Neural tube invaginate to form neural groove
  • Neural folds fuse at midline
  • Neural tube formed
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3
Q

What has happened by 24 day stage

A

Cephalon head and caudal tail ends of neural tube have closed

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4
Q

What happens from day 20 onwards-

A

paired Somites (primitive segments) appear

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5
Q

What happens by day 30

A

Embryo has approx 34-35 pairs of Somites that begin to differentiate as soon as they are formed

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6
Q

What happens during the 4th week after fertilisation

A

Each Somite differentiates into the sclerotome, (ventral- gives rise to vertebrae and ribs), dermatomyotome (dorsal and forms dermis via dermatomes) and muscle tissue via the myotomes

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7
Q

Dermatomyotomes develop in association with

A

A specific neural level of spinal cord and take nerve supply with them from neural tube as spinal nerve

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8
Q

Skin and muscle derived from a single dermatomyotome have a

A

Common spinal nerve supply

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9
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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10
Q

Landmarks of Foerster dermatome map

A

T4/T5- nipped
T10- umbilicus
L1- groin

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11
Q

What is a neuron

A

An electrically excitable cell that receives, processes and transmits information through chemical and electrical signals

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12
Q

Within the nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called

A

Endometrium

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13
Q

Structure within endoneurium

A
  • Endonurial fliud
  • Axons are bundled into fascicles and surrounded by perineurium connective tissue
  • Fascicles grouped together and surrounded by epineurium
  • Vasa nervorum
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14
Q

What is a spinal nerve

A

A mixed nerve that carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between body and spinal cord

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15
Q

What does dorsal nerve root do

A

Transmits sensory fibres from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord, afferent

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16
Q

What does ventral nerve root do

A

Carried motor and autonomic fibres leaving spinal cord, efferent

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17
Q

Spinal nerves key points

A

31 pairs, numbered according to level of vertebral column they emerge from. Short and exist briefly as they pass through intervertebral foramen

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18
Q

Each vertebra is derived from

A

Parts of 2 adjacent Somites

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19
Q

Spinal cord runs through

A

Vertebral foramen, multiple vertebra foramina form spinal canal

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20
Q

Spinal nerves leave spinal canal through

A

Gaps between vertebrae knows as intervertebral foramina

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21
Q

Spinal cord commences at

A

Inferior margin of medulla oblongata, base of brain stem

22
Q

Spinal cord ends at

A

Conus medullaris at L2

23
Q

Spinal cord is shorter than

A

Vertebral canal

24
Q

What is below conus medullaris

A

Cauda equina

25
Q

How many pairs of cervical spine roots and cervical vertebrae

A

8 and 7

26
Q

Significance of difference in cervical spine roots and vertebrae number

A

Cervical spinal roots emerge above the corresponding vertebral body with the exception of the 8th, C8, which emerges between C7 and T1 (above T1)

27
Q

Exit of nerve roots in thoracic vertebra

A

From T1, each corresponding nerve root exits inferior to vertebral body

28
Q

Sacral nerve roots exit through the

A

Sacral foramina and the S5 and first coccygeal nerve roots exit via the sacral hiatus

29
Q

What happens to spinal nerves after emerging through intervertebral foramen

A

Divides into rami.

Posterior ramus supplies deep muscles and skin of the dorsal trunk.

Anterior ramus supplies muscles and skin of upper and lower limbs and lateral and ventral trunk. Larger.

30
Q

What is meningeal branch

A

Each spinal nerve gives one off that re-enters spinal canal through intervertebral foramen (to supply ligaments, vertebra, blood vessels and meninges)

31
Q

Spinal nerves from T1-L2 all give off

A

White ramus communicans (pre ganglionic sympathetic nerve) which enters the sympathetic trunk via adjacent paravertebral ganglion

32
Q

All spinal nerves receive

A

Grey ramus communicans from adjacent paravertebral ganglion (unmyelinated)

33
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a signal spinal nerve root (anterior rami from upper and lower limbs)

34
Q

Posterior rami divide again into

A

Medial and lateral branches that supply back (in line with intervertebral Foramen)

35
Q

What does functional overlap between adjacent dermatomes mean

A

If a single spinal nerve is damaged, the area of anaesthesia will be smaller than you think

36
Q

Functional overlap does not extend across

A

An axial line

37
Q

What is an axial line

A

Junction of two dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels

38
Q

The developing upper and lower limbs…

A

Rotate in opposite directions and to different degrees

39
Q

What marks pre-axial and post-axial border in upper limb

A

Pre - cephalic vein

Post- basillic vein

40
Q

What marks the pre-axial and post-axial border in lower limb

A

Great saphenous vein - pre

Small saphenous vein- post

41
Q

Anterior rami of C5-T1 enter the

A

Brachial plexus to supply muscles and skin of upper limb

42
Q

Anterior rami of L1-S5 enter the

A

Lumbosacral plexus to supply the muscles and skin of lower limb

43
Q

Peripheral nerves generally contain fibres from

A

More than 1 spinal nerve (hence skin supplied by a single peripheral nerve does not correspond to the dermatome map)

44
Q

A dermatome may be supplied by

A

Multiple peripheral nerves as fibres may enter multiple different peripheral nerves

45
Q

What is a myotome

A

group of muscle fibres supplied by a single spinal nerve

46
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Single motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

47
Q

Myotomes of lower limb

A 
L2- hip flexion 
L3- hip extension 
L4- ankle dorsiflexion 
L5- great toe extension 
S1- ankle plantar flexion 
S2- great toe flexion
48
Q

What is Hilton’s law

A

The nerves supplying the muscles moving the joint also supply the joint capsule and the skin overlying insertions of the muscles

49
Q

What is the neural level

A

Lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function

50
Q

L2 dermatome includes territory from

A
  • Obturator nerve
  • Femoral nerve
  • Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
    (And Genitofemoral nerve L1-2)
51
Q

What are peripheral nerve territories

A

Areas of skin supplied by the peripheral nerves

branches of brachial plexus in upper lumb and lumbosacral plexus in lower limb

Often overlap sections of multiple dermatomes

Msk (38 decks)

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