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Msk > Session 1 Lecture Radiology > Flashcards

Session 1 Lecture Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does X-ray work

A

Projecting beam of electrons through an object onto an image detector

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2
Q

how does articular cartilage appear on X ray

A

Appears as joint space as radiolucent

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3
Q

What is a fracture

A

A complete or incomplete break in the continuity of bone

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4
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Break crosses bone at right angle to long axis (horizontal line break)

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5
Q

Linear or saggital plane fracture

A

Passes in parallel to long axis of bone (vertical line)

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6
Q

Oblique fracture

A

at oblique angle (diagonal)

Can be displaced or non displaced

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7
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Fracture line spirals round in multiple plains

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8
Q

Compression fracture

A

Cancellous bone when axial load compresses bone beyond limit (often lumbar vertebrae)

Bone is crushed-

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9
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone broken in at least 2 places e.g. car accident

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10
Q

Greenstick fractures

A

Only occur in children- incomplete fractures where bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces

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11
Q

Epiphyseal separation fractures

A

Only in children. Fracture line extends through an unfused growth plate, separating epiphysis from metaphysis

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12
Q

Define separate ossification centres in long bones

A

Primary- in diaphysis (shaft)
Secondary- in epiphyses (end)

Supported by growth plates/epiphyseal plates

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13
Q

Significant difference between a child’s bone age and chronological age may indicate

A

Early or delayed puberty, growth hormone deficiency, hypo/hyperthyroidism, or malnutrition

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14
Q

8 Stages of fracture healing

A
  • Haematoma formation
  • Tissue death
  • Inflammation
  • Angiogenesis
  • Soft callus formation
  • Hard callus formation
  • Lamellar bone
  • Remodelling
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15
Q

3 phases of fracture healing

A
  • Inflammatory phase (hours to days): haematoma formation, tissue death, inflammation
  • Reparative phase (days to weeks): Angiogenesis, soft and hard callus formation (soft callus looks fluffy)
  • Remodelling phase (months to years): lamellar bone and remodelling. Radio graphic union occurs where fracture line completely obscured
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16
Q

CT scanning key features

A

Narrow X ray beams to produce slices of an object, create 2D and 3D images

17
Q

CT scanning limitations

A
  • If a patient moves, motion artefact distorts image
  • makes interpretation difficult
  • Exposure to higher radiation dose
  • Severely obese patients may not always fit
  • Can be allergic to contrast even anaphylaxis
18
Q

How do air fat and water appear on CT scan

A

Black

19
Q

How do soft tissues and boneappear on CT scan

A

Grey and white respectively

20
Q

MRI key features

A
  • Doesn’t use radiation
  • Strong magnet generates a magnetic field
  • Protons in hydrogen atoms line up
  • Radiofrequency signal pulses deflect protons
  • Pulse terminated, protons realign, emit signal
  • Signal detected and 3D image created
21
Q

Pros and cons of MRI

A
  • Better than CT and X-ray for imaging soft tissues
  • Poor at showing micro-architecture of bone
  • No radiation
  • Can’t have metalwork
  • Noisy
  • Imaging time longer
22
Q

Different weightings of MRI

A

T1- fat is bright, fluid dark
T2- fat and fluid and bright
STIR- signal from fat suppressed so it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright

23
Q

Ultrasonography key points

A
  • High frequency around waves to produce images
  • Produced by transducer
  • Non invasive and no radiation
  • Can show non ossified structures
24
Q

Cons of ultrasound

A
  • Highly dependent on a skilled operator for interpretation of images
  • Resolution of deep tissues is poor
  • Limited suitability for bone and intra-articular imaging
25
Q

Nuclear medicine key points

A
  • Radioisotope labelled, biologically active drugs
  • Marker of biological activity
  • Assess areas of metabolically active bone e.g. in metastases
  • Ionising hence DNA damage

Msk (38 decks)

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