Session 1 Introduction

Question 1

Developmental origin of bones, connective tissue and skeletal muscle

Answer 1

Mesoderm of trilaminar disc

Question 2

Functions of bone 6

Answer 2

• Support
• Storage
• Metabolic
• Movement
• Protection
• Haemoatopoiesis

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Question 3

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Answer 3

Striated and voluntarily controlled

Question 4

Functions of skeletal muscle 6

Answer 4

• Locomotion
• Posture
• Metabolic
• Venous return
• Heat production
• Continence

Love possibly makes very hot couples

Question 5

Metabolic roles of bone

Answer 5

Homeostasis of calcium and phosphate, storage and release

Question 6

Storage roles of bone

Answer 6

Calcium and phosphate, protein, bone marrow rich in fat, growth factors and cytokines

Question 7

What do tendons and ligaments do

Answer 7

Tendons Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments connect bone to bone

Question 8

What is fascia

Answer 8

Sheets of connective tissue which envelop groups of muscles and divide body parts, protective function

Question 9

What is hyaline cartilage

Answer 9

Found at ends of bones contributing to joints, for frictionless motion

Question 10

What is fibrocartilage

Answer 10

For shock absorption, increases bony congruity, higher collagen content

E.g. menisci of knee

Question 11

What is synovial membrane

Answer 11

Tissue found within joints, bursae and tendon sheaths. Produces synovial fluid which lubricates joints

Question 12

Bone components are divided into

Answer 12

Cellular and non-cellular

Question 13

Cellular components of bones

Answer 13

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Also fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes

Question 14

What mineralises the extracellular matrix

Answer 14

Calcium phosphate

Question 15

Major fibre type in bone and other contents

Answer 15

Collagen, not much elastin,

Bone also contains water, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans

Question 16

2 major components giving bone its mechanical properties are

Answer 16

Collagen and calcium phosphate

Collagen- tensile strength
Calcium phosphate- Compressive strength

Question 17

Osteoblast role

Answer 17

OsteoBlast = Builder

Synthesise new bone, migrate over matrix, synthesise and deposit osteoid (matrix protein) and deposit calcium phosphate into it

Question 18

Osteoclast role

Answer 18

Multi nucleated cells which secrete acidic chemicals to dissolve bone.

Minerals in ionic form are absorbed into osteoclast and released into extracellular fluid

Resorption

Question 19

osteoblasts form osteocytes when they are

Answer 19

Trapped within the bone matrix in lacunae. Become involved in signalling processes. Communicate via filipodia (projections)

Question 20

Two types of bone

Answer 20

Compact (dense outer layer) and spongy bone/cancellous bone (meshwork of trabeculae)

Question 21

2 divisions of skeleton

Answer 21

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 22

Long bones features

Answer 22

• Diaphysis is the shaft
• Flares out at each end to metaphysis, adjacent to growth plate, on other side is epiphysis
• Articulating surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
• other bony surfaces covered with periosteum
• Medullary cavity lined with endosteum

Question 23

What is in medullary cavity

Answer 23

red marrow in child, high fat content in adults, nutrient artery supplies marrow

Question 24

What are sesamoid bones

Answer 24

Bones embedded in tendons

Question 25

Short, flat, sesamoid and irregular bones features

Answer 25

2 layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone between them bone marrow contained between trabeculae of spongy bone No growth plate or epiphysis

Question 26

What is bone remodelling

Answer 26

Occurs in response to environmental factors- change in balance of activity between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 27

What is a joint

Answer 27

An articulation between 2 or more bones

Question 28

Fibrous joints key features

Answer 28

very limited mobility and high stability | e.g. sutures of skull, inferior tibiofibular joint, posterior sacroiliac joint

Question 29

What are cartilaginous joints

Answer 29

- Joints that use cartilage to unite bones - Typically in midline and epiphyseal plates of long bones - Primary: hyaline cartilage and are completely immobile e.g. epiphyseal growth plates of long bones - Secondary: hyaline cartilage and pad of fibrocartilage between them. Also known as symphyses. E.g. symphysis pubis in pelvis

Question 30

Major features of synovial joint

Answer 30

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid, lubrication to articular surfaces, high degree of mobility

Question 31

Articulating surfaces within a synovial joint are usually covered with

Answer 31

Hyaline cartilage (exceptions include acromioclavicular joint which is covered in fibrocartilage)

Question 32

Fibrous capsule is composed of

Answer 32

Collagen in bundles, stabilises joint, continuous with periosteum covering surface of adjacent bones

Question 33

What is synovial membrane

Answer 33

Thin highly-vascularised membrane that produces synovial fluid

Question 34

What is a bursa

Answer 34

Small sac lined by synovial membrane and containing a thin layer of synovial fluid- reduces friction and allows free movement

Question 35

What are tendon sheaths

Answer 35

Elongated bursae that wrap around a tendon and reduce friction

Question 36

What is in synovial fluid

Answer 36

Hyaluronic acid, lubricin, proteinases and collagenases

Question 37

Main functions of synovial fluid

Answer 37

- Reduce friction - Shock absorber - transport nutrients and remove waste (articular cartilage)

Question 38

Articular cartilage blood supply

Answer 38

Avascular

Question 39

Fibrous capsule and ligaments have a

Answer 39

Poor blood supply

Question 40

Factors affecting range of motion of joints

Answer 40

- Structure or shape of articulating bones - Strength and tension of joint ligaments - Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint - Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues - Hormones - Disuse