schizophrenia 1-classification and diagnosis of Sz Flashcards
what is Sz
type of psychosis where you lose touch with reality
what are positive symptoms and name them
abnormal additions to behaviour
1. hallucinations
2. delusions
what are hallucinations
unusual sensory experience. This is where we experience things around us that arent real
what is a delusion
irrational beliefs that are maintained despite contradictory evidence
what are the 3 types of delusions
- Delusions of grandeur-where they believe they are an important historical figure
- Delusions of persecution-believe an individual or organisation is plotting against them
- Delusions of reference-where event in the environment appear to be directly related to them
what are negative symptoms
absence of normal behaviour
1.Avolition
2. Speech poverty
what is Avolition
lack of motivation and energy to complete everyday tasks
what is speech poverty
reduction in the amount and quantity of speech
what is classification
organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together
what is diagnosis
deciding on if an individual has those symptoms so is suffering from the illness
what are the 2 ways to classify mental disorders
-DSM-5
-ICD-10
what are similarities and differences between the DSM-5 and the ICD-10
-both need one out of delusions and hallucinations
-DSM-5 requires you to have symptoms for 6 month
-ICD-10 only requires 1 month
what is reliability in the classification of Sz
-the extent to which the classification of Sz is consistent over time and across different classification and diagnosis systems
what is reliability in diagnosis
-if someone is consistently diagnosed with the same mental illness despite there being no change in symptoms
what are the implications of poor reliability
misdiagnosis-drugs-side effects
2 studies for reliability of Sz diagnosis
regier
beck
what did regier find
in DSM-5 trials the diagnosis of Sz had a 0.46 Kappa score showing it lacks inter-rate reliability
what did Beck find
found that diagnosis of Sz was around 52% similar meaning doctors often disagreed with each other showing Sz diagnosis lack validity.
what is validity in classification
extent to which Sz exists as a mental ilness that is distinct from other mental illness
study supporting the validity in the classification of sz
mason tested the ability of 4 different classification systems overtime and found in 99 Sz patients more modern classification systems had a higher predictive validity
what is validity in diagnosis
the accuracy of diagnosis
ie-extent to which people with Sz are diagnosed
supporting evidence for validity in diagnosis Sz
Rosenhans study
what is co-morbidity
if two mental illnesses frequently occur together
what is some supporting evidence for co-morbidity
Buckely- found that 50% of people with Sz also have depression
47% had a drug addiction
23% had OCD
what is symptom overlap
2 or more condtions share the same set of symptoms
what is some supporting evidence for symptom overlap
ellason and ross-found that those with DID shared more symptoms of Sz than those with Sz did.
shows the classification system isn’t valid.
what is cultural bias
more likely to diagnose someone with a mental ilness who isnt from your culture as they dont fit the social norms of your culture
what is some supporting evidence for cultural bias
Rack-found that English people of afro-carribian orign are more likely x9 to be diagnosed with Sz than englihs people.
However, the rate for Sz diagnosis is not particularly high in africa
this may be as hearing voices is more acceptable in carribian culture as its seen as a way of communicating with your ancestors
reduces the reliability of diagnosis
what is some evidence for gender bias in Sz diagnisis
Loring and powell-all received patients with exact same symptoms only difference was that one was male and one was female.
When pateint was male-56% diagnosis of Sz
When patient was female-20% diagnosis of Sz
-differences between men and women was over exaggerated so they were displaying alpha bias.
-diagnosis wasn’t consistent so lacked reliability
describe rosenhans study
-8 mentally healthy volunteers went to a mental health hospital
-told to pretend they were hearing voices (auditory halucination) so they were admitted
-once they were admitted they were told to act normally again.
Findings
-When they were behaving normally this was classed as abnormal behavior.
-first volunteer was released after 7 days final was released after 52 days
- The doctors in Rosenhan’s study gave the volunteers a diagnosis of schizophrenia when they were mentally healthy, so the diagnosis lack validity
