schizophrenia 1-classification and diagnosis of Sz

Question 1

what is Sz

Answer 1

type of psychosis where you lose touch with reality

Question 2

what are positive symptoms and name them

Answer 2

abnormal additions to behaviour
1. hallucinations
2. delusions

Question 3

what are hallucinations

Answer 3

unusual sensory experience. This is where we experience things around us that arent real

Question 4

what is a delusion

Answer 4

irrational beliefs that are maintained despite contradictory evidence

Question 5

what are the 3 types of delusions

Answer 5

1. Delusions of grandeur-where they believe they are an important historical figure
2. Delusions of persecution-believe an individual or organisation is plotting against them
3. Delusions of reference-where event in the environment appear to be directly related to them

Question 6

what are negative symptoms

Answer 6

absence of normal behaviour
1.Avolition
2. Speech poverty

Question 7

what is Avolition

Answer 7

lack of motivation and energy to complete everyday tasks

Question 8

what is speech poverty

Answer 8

reduction in the amount and quantity of speech

Question 9

what is classification

Answer 9

organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together

Question 10

what is diagnosis

Answer 10

deciding on if an individual has those symptoms so is suffering from the illness

Question 11

what are the 2 ways to classify mental disorders

Answer 11

-DSM-5
-ICD-10

Question 12

what are similarities and differences between the DSM-5 and the ICD-10

Answer 12

-both need one out of delusions and hallucinations
-DSM-5 requires you to have symptoms for 6 month
-ICD-10 only requires 1 month

Question 13

what is reliability in the classification of Sz

Answer 13

-the extent to which the classification of Sz is consistent over time and across different classification and diagnosis systems

Question 14

what is reliability in diagnosis

Answer 14

-if someone is consistently diagnosed with the same mental illness despite there being no change in symptoms

Question 15

what are the implications of poor reliability

Answer 15

misdiagnosis-drugs-side effects

Question 16

2 studies for reliability of Sz diagnosis

Answer 16

regier
beck

Question 17

what did regier find

Answer 17

in DSM-5 trials the diagnosis of Sz had a 0.46 Kappa score showing it lacks inter-rate reliability

Question 18

what did Beck find

Answer 18

found that diagnosis of Sz was around 52% similar meaning doctors often disagreed with each other showing Sz diagnosis lack validity.

Question 19

what is validity in classification

Answer 19

extent to which Sz exists as a mental ilness that is distinct from other mental illness

Question 20

study supporting the validity in the classification of sz

Answer 20

mason tested the ability of 4 different classification systems overtime and found in 99 Sz patients more modern classification systems had a higher predictive validity

Question 21

what is validity in diagnosis

Answer 21

the accuracy of diagnosis
ie-extent to which people with Sz are diagnosed

Question 22

supporting evidence for validity in diagnosis Sz

Answer 22

Rosenhans study

Question 23

what is co-morbidity

Answer 23

if two mental illnesses frequently occur together

Question 24

what is some supporting evidence for co-morbidity

Answer 24

Buckely- found that 50% of people with Sz also have depression
47% had a drug addiction
23% had OCD

Question 25

what is symptom overlap

Answer 25

2 or more condtions share the same set of symptoms

Question 26

what is some supporting evidence for symptom overlap

Answer 26

ellason and ross-found that those with DID shared more symptoms of Sz than those with Sz did.
shows the classification system isn’t valid.

Question 27

what is cultural bias

Answer 27

more likely to diagnose someone with a mental ilness who isnt from your culture as they dont fit the social norms of your culture

Question 28

what is some supporting evidence for cultural bias

Answer 28

Rack-found that English people of afro-carribian orign are more likely x9 to be diagnosed with Sz than englihs people.
However, the rate for Sz diagnosis is not particularly high in africa
this may be as hearing voices is more acceptable in carribian culture as its seen as a way of communicating with your ancestors
reduces the reliability of diagnosis

Question 29

what is some evidence for gender bias in Sz diagnisis

Answer 29

Loring and powell-all received patients with exact same symptoms only difference was that one was male and one was female.
When pateint was male-56% diagnosis of Sz
When patient was female-20% diagnosis of Sz
-differences between men and women was over exaggerated so they were displaying alpha bias.
-diagnosis wasn’t consistent so lacked reliability

Question 30

describe rosenhans study

Answer 30

-8 mentally healthy volunteers went to a mental health hospital
-told to pretend they were hearing voices (auditory halucination) so they were admitted
-once they were admitted they were told to act normally again.
Findings
-When they were behaving normally this was classed as abnormal behavior.
-first volunteer was released after 7 days final was released after 52 days
- The doctors in Rosenhan’s study gave the volunteers a diagnosis of schizophrenia when they were mentally healthy, so the diagnosis lack validity