attachment booklet 2

Question 1

what was the procedure of lorenz study

Answer 1

divided goose eggs into two groups
half one them were hatched with the mother goose
the other half were hatched in an incubator where the first large moving object they saw was Lorenz
he then placed them in an upturned box to mix them up

Question 2

what was the finding of Lorenz study

Answer 2

the naturally hatched goslings followed there mother whereas the incubated ones followed Lorenz
-the same pattern of behaviour was found when they were released from the upturned box the incubated gosling retuned to Lorenz these bonds were irreversible
-he found this was permeanant and that the goslings would always be imprinted onto the humans

Question 3

when did Lorenz determine the critical period was

Answer 3

a few hours after birth
approx 4-25 Hours

Question 4

who would goslings who imprinted onto humans attempt to mate with

Answer 4

goslings who imprinted onto humans attempted to mate with humans as adult birds (sexual imprinting)

Question 5

what was the procedure for Harlows study

Answer 5

-16 infant rhesus were separated from there mother
-they had a wire mother who dispense milk and a cloth mother for comfort
-he scared the monkey using a robot to see which robot they would go to when scared
-time spent with each mother was recorded

Question 6

what were the findings of Harlows study

Answer 6

-the monkies only went to the wire monkey for food and and once fed would return to the cloth mother for the rest of the day so more time was spent with her
-when scared they would go to the cloth mother for comfort

Question 7

what was the second procedure + findings of Harlows study

Answer 7

-wanted to see if maternal deprivation had an effect on monkies in adulthood
-found they were more agressive, less sociable and had difficulties mating those who did mate deprived there own offspirng

Question 8

in the second procedure when were these behaviours observed

Answer 8

-if they were placed with surrogate mother for more than 90 days
-if they were placed for less than 90 days effects could be reversed if played in a normal environment where they could form attatchments

Question 9

how are Lorenz and Harlows studies applied to real life

Answer 9

-lorenz study implies critical periods and imprinitng as essential for human attachment

-Harlows study suggests there are long term consequences on human relationships if the individual is neglected

-and that contact comfort and sensitive responsiveness are more important than food

Question 10

how is Lorenz and Harlows studies useful to real life

Answer 10

-ensure children in foster care are placed with caring loving families
-attachments are better formed at a younger age
-skin to skin contsct after birth

Question 11

evaluate the validity of animal research

Answer 11

animals have different cognitions and motivations to humans to you cannot extrapolate and apply it to other individuals

Question 12

what could’ve acted as a confounding variable in Harlow’s study

Answer 12

-the head were different this could’ve acted as a confounding variable
-this decreases validity as you cant be sure the IV is the only thing affecting the DV

Question 13

what are some ethical issues involved with Harlows study

Answer 13

-the monkeys were separated from their mother causing permanent emotional harm
-they were unable to form normal relationships in the future which lead to further maternal deprivation
-the species was similar to human so there suffering was also quite human like

Howver you can carry out a cost benefit analysis
positives-dont show demand charcateristics so improved validity
negaitives-emotional distress to the animal may occur

Question 14

what is some opposing evidence for animal studies

Answer 14

-Lorenz found imprinting had a permanent effect on mating behaviour
-however guiton found opposing evidence he found chickens that imprinting on rubber gloves eventually learnt to mate with other chickens

Question 15

what is bowlbys monotropic theory explain about attatchment

Answer 15

-infants have an innate drive to survive so are born with an instinct to attach

-he suggested an evolutionary explanation for attachment saying attachment is innate and adaptive for both infants and parent

-attatchments formed to ensure infants remain close to caregiver

Question 16

what is the first claim of monotropic theory

Answer 16

children form one special relationship (monotropy) with there main caregiver usually the mother

Question 17

explain children form one special relationship (monotropy) with there main caregiver usually the mother

Answer 17

-children form a special unique attachment with one person (monotropy) this relationship is more important that the rest

-it would be adaptive to form one attatchment with the person who provided the most care. The desire to maintain proximity will enable the infant the best chance of survival

Question 18

what is the second claim of monotropic theory

Answer 18

attachment behaviours are prompted by social releasors

Question 19

explain attachment behaviours are prompted by social releasors

Answer 19

-social releasors are characteristics that elicit a caregiving response
-babies display proximity-promoting behaviours eg-crying, smiling
-its adaptive for them to display these behaviours so they will be protected and cared for so will be able to survive and reproduce and pass on these traits
-he said adults are innately programmed to respond to these characteristics

Question 20

what is the 3rd claim of montropic theory

Answer 20

attachment must take place within the first 2.5 years of life (critical period)

Question 21

explanation for attachment must take place within the first 2.5 years of life (critical period)

Answer 21

-the child requires the continuous presence of the caregiver in this period
-if the critical period is missed attatchemt will form more slowly and will be harder to form
-he said attatchment is an innate, biologically driven process that must occur in the critical period

Question 22

what is claim 4 of the montropic theory

Answer 22

attachment form an internal working model for all future realtionships

Question 23

explanations for attachment form an internal working model for all future realtionships

Answer 23

-the internal working model is a blueprint for all future relationships
-this provides them with a set of expectations of what to expect from a relationship
-the child builds up a model of how loveable they are and a model of the caregiver as trustworthy or not
-this leads to the continuity hypotheis-the link between early attatvhmdnt and later emotional behaviour

Question 24

who found supporting evidence for bowlby internal working model

Answer 24

Hazan and shaver

-in a questionare asking adult to reflect on there childhood they found a positve corrolation between thhose who were securely attatched as children had more stable and loving relationships with there adult partners

-insecure-avoidant children who had cold rejected mothers developed insecure relationships with high levels of jelousy and fear of rejection

Question 25

who else founf supporting evidence for bowlby internal working model

Answer 25

bailey-assessed 99 mothers and found those who had a poor attatchment with there parents reported a poor relationship with their children

Question 26

how does Lorenz research support monotropic theory

Answer 26

children form one specific attachment (monotropy) with one caregiver in a specific time period

Question 27

what is some oppsosing evidence for monotropy

Answer 27

shchaffer and emerson
-observed infant interactions with carer
-attatchment was measure by stranger/sepration anxiety
-by 18m 31% of children had 5 or more attatchments

Question 28

how is monotropy socially sensitive

Answer 28

it places pressure on mothers and says mother who choose to work may be negatively affecting the childs emotional development
-it places fault on the mother

Question 29

what is an alternative explanation for montropy

Answer 29

Kagan says that some infants are born with an innate personality that makes them more friendly, and so it is easier for the mother or caregiver to be caring and nurturing

Question 30

how has montropy been applied to real life

Answer 30

-law of continuity states children must have constant and predictable care
-this is reflected in childcare chpices eg-parents opt for childminders instead of nurseries

Question 31

what does classical condtioning state attatchment is due to

Answer 31

-children learn to become attatched as caregivers give them food sometimes reffered to as cupboard love

Question 32

what is the main assumption behind the learning theory of attachment

Answer 32

children learn to become attached to their caregiver because they give them food sometimes referred to as cupboard love

Question 33

how is the infants negatively reinforced

Answer 33

-when they stay near there caregiver they remove the negative feelings of hunger

Question 34

draw out CC diagram for learning theory of attachment

Answer 34

in booklet

Question 34

how is the infant positively reinforced

Answer 34

they gain food when they stay near there caregiver

Question 35

what is some supporting evidence for learning theories

Answer 35

-dolland and miller-infants learn to associate the caregiver with the feeling of pleasure when they are fed (classical condtioning) infants are reinforced in the behaviour that will produce desirable responses from others (operant conditioning)
-its a plausable and scientific theory-it is founded in establish ed theory, which uses scientific methods like controlled animal experiments

Question 36

what are some criticisms of supporting evidence of learning theory

Answer 36

Pavlov with his dogs shows an over-reliance on animals. This is an issue because psychologists argue that behaviourist explanations provide an oversimplified account of attachment formation which is a complex emotional bond between human and their caregiver

Question 37

what is some opposing evidence for learning theory

Answer 37

schaffer and emerson found that less than half the infants had a primary attatchment to the person who usually fed them. Harlows research suggested that monkeys became attached for comfort rather than food. These finding go against the learning theory of attatchment and suggest alternative processes must have taken place

Question 38

what are some debates regarding learning theory

Answer 38

thats its reductionist, deterministic/ environmentally deterministic

Question 39

what are some alternative explanations for learning theory

Answer 39

Bowlby said attachment is innate and adaptive in order to survive