Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

year 1 Psychology > issues and debates > Flashcards

issues and debates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is gender bias in psychology

A

failure to consider adequately the differences between men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is universality in psychology

A

the belief that behaviour is the same across all people regardless of gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why has gender bias occurred in psychology

A

-historically research has been based on samples of men
-researchers may have different expectations of men and women
-overemphasis on biology as the driver of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is alpha bias

A

exaggeration of differences between men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do theories that are alpha bias assume

A

theories that are alpha biased assume that there are real and enduring differences between men and women and that these are fixed and inevitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some theories that are alpha biased

A

-bowlbys monotropic theory-emphasis on women as the primary caregiver
-evolutionary theory-male and female ways of aiding survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is beta bias

A

ignores/minimises the sex differences between male and females
theories that are beta biased assumes all people are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some theories that are beta bias

A

-fight or flight-women “tend and befriend”-taylor
-social research-asch, milgram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can beta bias lead to

A

androcentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is androcentrism

A

male biased view of the world
males behaviour is judged to the the norm
any behaviour which deviates from that eg-female behaviour is judged as abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the implications of gender bias

A

Prejudice, discrimination and sexism are viewed as normal and acceptable
Female researchers may receive less funding as their role as serious psychologists may be questioned
The male viewpoint/behaviour becomes the ‘norm’ or the model for behaviour generally which could lead to female behaviour being viewed as ‘abnormal’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to overcome gender bias

A

-use an equal number of male and female particpants
-dont extrapolate findings from research from male participants to female participants or vice versa.
-don not exaggerate differences between men and women where there are no real differences
-do not minimise differences between men and women where there are no real differences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is culture bias

A

the tendancy to ignore or acknowledge cultural differences and the impact culture may have on behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

the assumption that one own culture is superior so viewing ones own culture from that perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

argues that behaviour can only be properly understood if culture is taken into account
behaviour can only be properly understood in the culture in which it occurs
so it could be a way of overcoming culture bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is imposed etic

A

taking your own cultural beliefs and applying them to other cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is evidence of culture bias in psychology

A

-rack
-strange situation-also has imposed etic
collectivist-higher rates of insecure-resistant
individualistic-higher rates of insecure-avoidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in 1992 how many of the worlds psychology researchers were american

A

62%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can we overcome cultural bias

A

-although culture bias is less of an issue that it once was
-carry out cross-cultural research
-do not attempt to extrapolate finidngs to cultures that are not reperesented in the research
-use researchers who are native to the culture being investigated
-do not assume universal norms across cultures
-develop new areas of psychology through globalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is globalisation

A

-holding international conferences so ideas and research are discussed by people from different backgrounds this should help reduce ethnocentrism and enable greater understanding of cultural relativism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is indiginous psychology

A

aims to explicitly draw on the experiences of individuals different cultural contexts
eg-afrocentrism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do nature argue

A

-argue that out inherited genetic makeup determines our behaviour
-family twin and adoption studies show thar the closer 2 individuals are genetically the more likely they are to develop the same behaviour
eg-joesph
-evolutionary explanations also support nature-any characteristic that aids survival will be passed onto future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the nature-nurture debate

A

nature-refers to the influence of our genes on behaviour and believe these abilities are innate and are the result of heredity-known as nativists

nurture-refers to the influence of the
environment and experiences of behaviour-known as empiricists
so behaviour can be changes through altering environmental conditions.

MUST REFERENCE DEBATES ABOUT RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH OF THESE FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the heredibility coefficiant

A

the extent to which a characteristic has a genetic basis
eg-IQ-0.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the intercationist approach

A

nature and nurture are linked so it doesnt make sense to separate the 2.
instead psychologists should study how they effect and interact with eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is diathesis stress

A

suggests that people have a genetic vulnerability that is triggered by an environmental stressor.

27
Q

implications of the justice system of the nature-nurture debate

A

criminals may argue that they are not fully responsible if they have certain genetic markers

28
Q

what is free will

A

that we as human beings are able to make choices about our own thoughts and actions
-we are self-determining
eg-humanistic approach

29
Q

what is determinism

A

the idea that traits or behaviour are outside of out control, due to internal or external factors which we have not control over

30
Q

what is hard determinism

A

suggest that human traits and behaviour are entirely outside of our control

all human behaviour has a cause and it should be plausible to identify these causes
compatible with the scientific explanation as we are able to establish general laws of human behaviour so predict and control it

31
Q

what is soft determinism

A

suggests traits and behaviours are determined by external or internal factors but despirt this an individual can still exersise some control over their behaviour eg-via thought processes

32
Q

what are the 3 types of determinism

A

-biological determinism
-environmental determinism
-psychic determinism

33
Q

what is biological determinism

A

idea that behaviour and traits are governed by internal biological factors like genes, neurochemistry and brain structure
eg-agression is caused by testosterone
mental illnesses are genetic

34
Q

what is environmental determinism

A

traits and behaviour are governed by external forces such as learning, experiences and parents
eg-behaviourists believed in conditioning from your environment

35
Q

what is psychic determinism

A

behaviour is determined by early childhood experiences and innate conscious drives and motives
eg-freud and his psychosexual stages

36
Q

what is a causal relationships

A

based on the scientific notion that behaviour is caused by internal factors-there is a cause and effect relationship
based on the assumption all events have a cause and these can be discovered through experiments
manipulation of the IV reveals its causal effect on the DV

-CONTROLS ALLOW GREATER INFERENCE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS

37
Q

argument for determinism

A

underpins the scientific approach-aims to uncover cause and effect relationships

38
Q

arguments against determinism

A

-could be misused in court
-unfalsifiable
-arguing that behaviour is due to a single factor is oversimplification, it is more accurate to consider behaviour as coming from multiple factors.

39
Q

arguments for free will

A

-people have a subjective sense of free will so it has face validity however, determinists argue that this “free will is an ilusion”

40
Q

arguments against free will

A

Free will implies that there’s something doing the “willing” answers to what initiates the will comes from research with people suffering from schizophrenia if free will is actually a result of burn activity then it too is determined

41
Q

what is hollism

A

the argument that it only make sense to study a person or behaviour as a whole
-the focus is on the whole person considering all aspects of experiences including culture

42
Q

what is reductionism

A

breaking down complex behaviour and examining its constitutient parts
this conforms to the law of parsimony

43
Q

what are the 2 types of reductionism

A

-biological reductionism-behaviour can be explained through genetic, evolutionary and neurochemical influences
eg-using heart rate as a measure of excitement. Other factors may have influenced excitement
-environmental reducitonism-aims to explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus and response and the idea that associations have been learnt through experience

44
Q

what are levels of explanations

A

The lowest level of explanation would include the biological explanation where behaviour is explained in its smallest parts including genetics neurotransmitters and biological structures at this level explanations are considered reductionist focusing on basic components

Middle-level explanations reduced behaviour to psychological explanations eg- cognitive and behavioural

The highest level considers both social and cultural explanation where behaviours explained in regards of the influence of social groups these have a more holistic multivariable level

45
Q

arguments for reductionism/against holism

A

Reductionism supports a scientific approach breaking down behaviour into its constituent parts makes it easy to operationalise variables and conduct scientific research such as laboratory experiments
Scientists are able to better isolate causes when studying basic units of behaviour which enabled greater testability

46
Q

arguments against reductionism/for holism

A

Overly simplistic overlook behaviour/complex interactions
Has resulted in client centred therapy

47
Q

what is the idiographic approach

A

people are studied as unique individuals with their own subjective experiences of the world with no attempt to compare then to the standard
-argues that results from psychological research should not be used to propose general laws about behaviour.

48
Q

what does the nomothetic approach argue

A

-study a large sample ( through random sampling) in order to establish general laws of behaviour
-the findings will be used to make inferences about the general population
-people can be compared againsst these benchmarks and future inferences can be made
-large samples can be analysed using statistical test and conclusions can be drawn.

49
Q

example of a research study that has been applied to a wider population

A

ainsworth-100 children
milgram-40 partcipants

50
Q

arguments for the idiographic approach

A

-in depth qualitative measure of investigation
-may complement the nomothetic approach-eg-case studies like HM reveal insight about normal functioning.

51
Q

arguments against idographic

A

-narrow and restricted view so you cannot establish general laws of human behaviour
-freuds work-developed from case studes-need larger sample to make meaningful generalisations

52
Q

arguments for nomothetic

A

-adopts quantitative experimental methods which supports psychology as a sciences. Findings are used to help predict behaviour
-identifying patterns of behaviour has useful applications-lead to drug therapies
-some people may argue taking a person centred approach eg-CBT may be more useful

53
Q

argument against nomothetic

A

-psychologists can not find out in-depth information from single cases
-data is less meanigful as you tend to use quantitative measures-richness of human experiences is overlooked.

54
Q

How should we use a combination of the idiographic and nomothetic approach

A

Milan and Davis suggested that research should start with the nomothetic approach and once laws have been produced they can focus on a more idiographic understanding of the individual

55
Q

what are ethical implications

A

Considered the impact or consequences that the psychological research has on the rights of other people in a wider context not just the participants taking part

56
Q

What is socially sensitive

A

Where the topic area of people’s studies can have implications for society potentially leading to a change in or justification for the way these groups are treated

57
Q

Why my ethical issues occur

A

There may be a conflict between the interests of the psychologist and participants
As a Result ethical guidelines were put into place

58
Q

How may they be ethical implications beyond the initial study

A

However there may be ethical implications beyond the initial studies that the ethical guidelines fail to address for example the research may impact at a societal level either through influencing public policy or the way in which particular groups people observed this is termed socially sensitive research

59
Q

The groups that could be affected through socially sensitive research

A

Participants and their friends or family
The researcher and the institution they represent
The wider groups the participants belong to

60
Q

Why might socially sensitive research have implications for groups of society

A

may lead to prejudiced or discrimination such as women being affected by Bolby’s work on attachment

61
Q

What are four aspects in the research process at which ethical issues with social consequences make occur

A
  1. The research question
    Simply asking certain questions EG are their racial differences in IQ may be damaging to members of the group
  2. Conduct of research and the treatment of participants
    Of particularly important is the confidentiality of the information received for example if someone admits to committing a crime should the researcher maintain confidentiality
  3. The institutional context
    If the research is funded by private institutions they may determine certain aspects of the procedure and may misuse or represent the data to satisfy their own interests EG pharmaceuticals
  4. Interpretation and application of the findings
    The findings of the research may be used for purposes other than those originally intended if the government may interpret or overinterpret the findings this may have harmful effects
62
Q

Discussion around ethical implications in research

A

The current ethical guidelines don’t include any requirement for the researcher to consider how their work might be used by others
However some people argued that this is not the responsibility of the researcher
We should not avoid socially sensitive topics as this is an avoidance of responsibility often the socially sensitive topics of some of the most important areas of research and the need to be studied in order to try and address inequality and tackle prejudice views

63
Q

AO3 evaluation of socially sensitive research

A

Studying ethical issues linked to taboo topics may promote greater sensitivity and understanding of the groups

Socially sensitive research had been used by the government to share policies despite the dubious nature of the findings

Researchers need to carry out a cost benefit analysis

64
Q

how to deal with issues relate to social sensitivity

A

We’re out the possible cost and benefits before conducting any research or any proceeds where benefits outweigh the costs

Take care when formulating the aim as to not misrepresent certain groups

Take steps to avoid prejudice presentation of the findings

Be alert the possibility of misuse of findings

year 1 Psychology (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions