memory-the cognitive interview Flashcards
what did gieselman and fisher say
they said that EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing witnesses.
they devised the cognitive interview technique to increase the validity and reliability of police interviews
what are the 4 main techniques used
context reinstatement
recall from a changed perspective
report everything
recall in reverse order
what is context reinstatement
they have to mentally recreate an image of the situation/crime in there heads and recall details of the environment/emotional state
why is context reinstatement important
as context cues can trigger memories
what is recall from a changed perspective
where witnesses have to mentally recreate the situation from another witnesses viewpoint
why is recall from a changed perspective important
as it provides a holistic view of the event which may enhance recall
what is recall in reverse order
where the witness describes the scene in a different chronological order eg-from end to beginning or middle to beginning
why is recall in reverse order important
to verify accuracy
what is report everything
where witnesses are asked to recall all details of a crime even if they seem insignificant
why is report everything important
as it may highlight something that has been overlooked
who found supporting evidence for cognitive interview
kohnken
what did kohnken find
he conduced a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing CI to SI
he found CI gave a 41% increase in accurate info compared with SI
he founf only 4/55 studies founf no difference between SI and CI
what did kohnken find
if CI was conducted a long time after the incident the incident the amount of correct detail also decreased
what did kohnken find in terms of inaccuracy
(critisisms of supporting evidence)
he found a 25% in inaccurate information recalled
who found that age affects usefulness of CI
kohnken
Holiday
what did kohnken find in terms of age
he found that children under 7 had problems with the traditional version of CI
stretch-this is as children under 7 are egocentric and are unable to understand things from another persons perspective so “recall from a changed perspective is not possible”
who developed the modified CI technique
Holiday
how does holidays version of the modified CI technique work
-it can be used with children
-focusses on building trust between the interviewer + witness
-gives control to the witness
-removed the “recall from a changed perspective” component as they are too young to empathise/egocentric
who found that some elements of CI work better than others
milne and bull
what did milne and bull find
-undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one component of CI
-compared to a control group who were just asked to try again
-recall across all 4 components was broadly similar
-however when using a combination of report everything + context reinstatement recall was significantly higher
(found using context reinstatement and report everything produced significantly higher recall then using all 4 componenents)
what does milne and bulls research suggest
that report everything and context reinstatement are the most effective CI techniques
who developed the enhance cognitive interview technique
fisher
what are the main additional features of enhanced cognitive interview technique
focus on social interactions
encourage the witness to relax and speech slowly
offer comments to help clarify witness statements
how does the ECI focus on social interactions
as the interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact and use open ended questions
why does ECI encourage the witness to relax and speak
reduction in anxiety may enhance recall
why does ECI offer comments to help clarify witness statements
may improve detail of statement
what did coker find in regards to ECI
he found that an ECI that stressed the use of focussed mental imagery produced increase accuracy in details in comparison to the CI technique especially concerning personal details
he found recall was greater if ECI was conduced a week later rather than immediately after
what did kohnken find in regards to ECI
he found ECI produced more incorrect details than CI
so police officers should be cautious using EWT from this technique
who found some practical issue with CI
memon
what 2 techniques did police forces say they were using
police forces claim to be using the CI technique
but in reality they are only using context reinstatement and report everything
this shows they should just use these 2 components to save time
what did memon state was a practical issue about using CI
he reported officers believe the “recall from a changed perspective” component made witnesses believe they had witnessed an event when they in fact did not
-so due to this concern it is less frequently used
-using the CI means police officers have to have specialist training which requires time + money
two positives about CI technique
even though CI was designed for police officers it has lead for calls for it to be used more widely by other organisations and situations where memory recall is important
research suggests that CI facilitates accuracy of eyewitnesses reporting which enables better use of police time + money see geiselman-showed police training vids to 89 students
kohnken-meta analysis of 55 studies comparing CI technique and SI technique
