memory-the cognitive interview Flashcards

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1
Q

what did gieselman and fisher say

A

they said that EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing witnesses.
they devised the cognitive interview technique to increase the validity and reliability of police interviews

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2
Q

what are the 4 main techniques used

A

context reinstatement
recall from a changed perspective
report everything
recall in reverse order

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3
Q

what is context reinstatement

A

they have to mentally recreate an image of the situation/crime in there heads and recall details of the environment/emotional state

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4
Q

why is context reinstatement important

A

as context cues can trigger memories

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5
Q

what is recall from a changed perspective

A

where witnesses have to mentally recreate the situation from another witnesses viewpoint

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6
Q

why is recall from a changed perspective important

A

as it provides a holistic view of the event which may enhance recall

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7
Q

what is recall in reverse order

A

where the witness describes the scene in a different chronological order eg-from end to beginning or middle to beginning

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8
Q

why is recall in reverse order important

A

to verify accuracy

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9
Q

what is report everything

A

where witnesses are asked to recall all details of a crime even if they seem insignificant

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10
Q

why is report everything important

A

as it may highlight something that has been overlooked

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11
Q

who found supporting evidence for cognitive interview

A

kohnken

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12
Q

what did kohnken find

A

he conduced a meta-analysis of 55 studies comparing CI to SI
he found CI gave a 41% increase in accurate info compared with SI
he founf only 4/55 studies founf no difference between SI and CI

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13
Q

what did kohnken find

A

if CI was conducted a long time after the incident the incident the amount of correct detail also decreased

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14
Q

what did kohnken find in terms of inaccuracy
(critisisms of supporting evidence)

A

he found a 25% in inaccurate information recalled

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15
Q

who found that age affects usefulness of CI

A

kohnken
Holiday

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16
Q

what did kohnken find in terms of age

A

he found that children under 7 had problems with the traditional version of CI
stretch-this is as children under 7 are egocentric and are unable to understand things from another persons perspective so “recall from a changed perspective is not possible”

17
Q

who developed the modified CI technique

A

Holiday

18
Q

how does holidays version of the modified CI technique work

A

-it can be used with children
-focusses on building trust between the interviewer + witness
-gives control to the witness
-removed the “recall from a changed perspective” component as they are too young to empathise/egocentric

19
Q

who found that some elements of CI work better than others

A

milne and bull

20
Q

what did milne and bull find

A

-undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one component of CI
-compared to a control group who were just asked to try again
-recall across all 4 components was broadly similar
-however when using a combination of report everything + context reinstatement recall was significantly higher

(found using context reinstatement and report everything produced significantly higher recall then using all 4 componenents)

21
Q

what does milne and bulls research suggest

A

that report everything and context reinstatement are the most effective CI techniques

22
Q

who developed the enhance cognitive interview technique

A

fisher

23
Q

what are the main additional features of enhanced cognitive interview technique

A

focus on social interactions
encourage the witness to relax and speech slowly
offer comments to help clarify witness statements

24
Q

how does the ECI focus on social interactions

A

as the interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact and use open ended questions

25
Q

why does ECI encourage the witness to relax and speak

A

reduction in anxiety may enhance recall

26
Q

why does ECI offer comments to help clarify witness statements

A

may improve detail of statement

27
Q

what did coker find in regards to ECI

A

he found that an ECI that stressed the use of focussed mental imagery produced increase accuracy in details in comparison to the CI technique especially concerning personal details
he found recall was greater if ECI was conduced a week later rather than immediately after

28
Q

what did kohnken find in regards to ECI

A

he found ECI produced more incorrect details than CI
so police officers should be cautious using EWT from this technique

29
Q

who found some practical issue with CI

A

memon

30
Q

what 2 techniques did police forces say they were using

A

police forces claim to be using the CI technique
but in reality they are only using context reinstatement and report everything
this shows they should just use these 2 components to save time

31
Q

what did memon state was a practical issue about using CI

A

he reported officers believe the “recall from a changed perspective” component made witnesses believe they had witnessed an event when they in fact did not
-so due to this concern it is less frequently used
-using the CI means police officers have to have specialist training which requires time + money

32
Q

two positives about CI technique

A

even though CI was designed for police officers it has lead for calls for it to be used more widely by other organisations and situations where memory recall is important

research suggests that CI facilitates accuracy of eyewitnesses reporting which enables better use of police time + money see geiselman-showed police training vids to 89 students
kohnken-meta analysis of 55 studies comparing CI technique and SI technique