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year 1 Psychology > Biopsychology-booklet 1 bodily systems > Flashcards

Biopsychology-booklet 1 bodily systems Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the 2 main functions of the nervous system

A

· To collect, process and responds to information in the environment

· To co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body

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2
Q

what is the nervous system divided into

A

-CNS(central nervous system)
-PNS (Peripheral nervous system)

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3
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain
spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the function of the brain

A

-involved in psychological processes and higher mental functioning
-centre of all conscious awareness and highly developed in humans

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5
Q

what are the main 4 lobes of the brain

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

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6
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

higher order functioning
eg-planning, problem solving, decision making

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7
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

processes sensory information

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8
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

-process auditory information
-understanding/comprehending language

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9
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

-processes visual information
-connected by optic nerve

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10
Q

what is the main function of the spinal cord

A

to relay information between the brain and the rest of the body

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11
Q

where does the spinal cord facilitate the transfer of messages to and from

A

the spinal cord facilitates the transfer of messages to and from the brain to the PNS

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12
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

-the somatic nervous system
-the automatic nervous system

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13
Q

what is the role of the PNS

A

trasmits messages from the brain to the whole body

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14
Q

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

A

faciliatates communications between the CNS and outside world

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15
Q

what neurons is the somatic nervous system made up of

A

sensory neurons which transmit and recieve messages from senses to motor pathways which direct muscles to react
eg-visual information from eyes

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16
Q

what is the somatic nervous system responsible for

A

conscious movement-providing muscle responses to the sensory infromation recieved

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17
Q

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

A

helps transmit and receive information internally, to and from the organs, playing an important role in homeostasis (regulating body conditions)
-involved in unconscious movement

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18
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic
and
parasympathetic

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19
Q

what does the sympathetic branch do

A

increases activity (ready for fight of flight)

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20
Q

what does the parasympathetic branch do

A

conserves resources by decreasing or maintaining activity, or restores normal physiological functioning when the threat has passed

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21
Q

somatic vs autonomic

A

in booklet

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22
Q

what is the function of a sensory neuron

A

transmit information about the 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) from your sense organs and pass this information to a relay neuron
they are unipolar neurons as they only transmit messages
-have a myelin sheath

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23
Q

how are sensory neurons recognised

A

nucleus in the middle of the axon

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24
Q

what is the function of the relay neuron

A

carry nerve impulses between neurons, connecting and carrying impulse from sensory to motor neurons, allowing them to communicate with one another.
-no mylein sheath

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25
Q

where are relay neurons found

A

brain, visual system and spinal cord

26
Q

how to recognise relay neurons

A

number of dendrites/ terminal buttons

27
Q

what is the function of the motor neuron

A

receive messages from the the CNS about what to do and generate movement
-have a myelin sheath

28
Q

where do motor neurons carry nerve impulses

A

Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands

29
Q

how are motor neurons recongised

A

long axons

30
Q

draw the general structure of a dendrite and describe the different components

A

in booklet

31
Q

draw the process of synaptic transmission and describe

A
  1. electrical impulse reaches pre-synaptic neuron towards terminal button
    2.this triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into synaptic gap
  2. neurotransmitters bind to complementary receptors on post-synaptic neuron
  3. if neurotransmitters are excitatory this means post-synaptic neuron fires action potentials. If they are inhibitory this PSN wont fire action potentials
32
Q

when are inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters fired

A

the excitatory/inhibitory influences are summed. If net effects are excitatory/inhibitory they release/inhibit action potentials

33
Q

what direction does information travel at the synapse and why

A

one direction
-vesicles containing neurotransmitters are only present on pre-synaptic neuron
-receptors are only present on post-synaptic neuron
-diffusion of neurotransmitters occurs from high to low conc

34
Q

drugs

A
35
Q

what is the main function of the endocrine system

A

regulates cell/organ activity and control vital physiological processes in the body

36
Q

how does the endocrine system control cell and organ activity

A

through glands that secrete chemical known as hormones directly into the bloodstream via blood vessels

37
Q

where do these hormones then bind

A

these hormones then bind with specific receptors to regulate the activity of cells or organs in the body

38
Q

what is the master gland

A

pituitary gland-many of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland control secretion of other endocrine glands rather than having a direct effect on cells

39
Q

which endocrine gland is adrenaline and noradrenaline found and where is it found

A

adrenal medulla
found in kidneys

40
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

-stimulates fight and flight response
-increases heart rate/blood flow to the brain/muscles
-release of stored glucose/fats for use in fight or flight

41
Q

what are effects of persistant surges of adrenaline

A

-high blood pressure
-anxiety
-severe headaches

42
Q

which endocrine gland is melatonin found in and where

A

pineal gland
in the brain

43
Q

what are the typical effects of the pineal gland

A

regulates the sleep-wake cycle

44
Q

what dysfunction is there when theres too little/ too much melatonin being produced

A

little-anxiety/insomnia
much-drowsiness/ reduced core body temperature

45
Q

which gland is thyroxine secreted for and where is it found

A

thyroid gland
below the adams apple

46
Q

what are the effects of thyroxine

A

increase heart rate and metabolic rate

47
Q

what are the effects of and overactive/ underactive thyroid gland

A

overactive-nervousness, anxiety
underactive-tiredness, weight gain, depression

48
Q

how does the body respond to a fight or flight situation

A

hypothalamus receives stress signals from the nervous system so sends electrical signals to the sympathetic nervous system to activate the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline into the bloodstream which binds to receptors on target cells to carry our a response

49
Q

The typical effects of adrenaline include (physiological changes)

A

-increased heart rate
-increased breathing rate
-pupil dilation
-sweat
-reduction of non-essential functions eg-digestion

50
Q

what do these physiological changes allow the body to do

A

fight or flight (run) from threat

51
Q

what occurs after the threat has passed

A

parasympathetic nervous system restores normal functioning
-reduces heart rate/ breathing rate

52
Q

how has the fight/ flight response became maladaptive

A

many of the stressors we face cannot be solved through activation of fight/flight
eg-exams, realtionships, berevement

53
Q

what can the activation of the fight or flight result in

A

impaired cognitive development, high blood pressure, lowered immune system

54
Q

what can long-term raised levels of stress hormone result in

A

ilness

55
Q

what are the physical effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

as they increase heart rate and blood pressure they can physically damage blood vessels which could cause haemorrages
-long term raised levels of cortisol supresses the bodies immune system which leaves us vulnerable to infections and disease

56
Q

what did grey suggest our initial instinct is

A

to freeze and avoid confrontation all together. we become hyper vigilant and decide the best course of action to take

57
Q

what did Taylor suggest

A

that fight and flight response is male dominated. Women are more lilkely to protect there offspring and form allieiences with other women rather than to flee

58
Q

what does Taylors study highlight

A

highlights a beta bias within this area of psychology

59
Q

why can you not establush cause and effect realationhships

A

the research suggesting biological structures influence behaviour is correlational and you cannot establish cause and effect

60
Q

is this idea reductionist or hollistic

A

reductionist-assumes biological structures eg-the brain underpin behaviour

61
Q

is this research scientific

A

yes its scientific as measures are objective increasing reliability of results

62
Q

is the fight or flight response useful survival mechanism for modern day

A

has become overactive in non-life threatening stressors which could be detrimental to our health

year 1 Psychology (47 decks)

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