Biopsychology-booklet 1 bodily systems

Question 1

what is the 2 main functions of the nervous system

Answer 1

· To collect, process and responds to information in the environment

· To co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body

Question 2

what is the nervous system divided into

Answer 2

-CNS(central nervous system)
-PNS (Peripheral nervous system)

Question 3

what does the CNS consist of

Answer 3

brain
spinal cord

Question 4

what is the function of the brain

Answer 4

-involved in psychological processes and higher mental functioning
-centre of all conscious awareness and highly developed in humans

Question 5

what are the main 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 5

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

Question 6

what is the function of the frontal lobe

Answer 6

higher order functioning
eg-planning, problem solving, decision making

Question 7

what is the function of the parietal lobe

Answer 7

processes sensory information

Question 8

what is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 8

-process auditory information
-understanding/comprehending language

Question 9

what is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 9

-processes visual information
-connected by optic nerve

Question 10

what is the main function of the spinal cord

Answer 10

to relay information between the brain and the rest of the body

Question 11

where does the spinal cord facilitate the transfer of messages to and from

Answer 11

the spinal cord facilitates the transfer of messages to and from the brain to the PNS

Question 12

what does the PNS consist of

Answer 12

-the somatic nervous system
-the automatic nervous system

Question 13

what is the role of the PNS

Answer 13

trasmits messages from the brain to the whole body

Question 14

what is the role of the somatic nervous system

Answer 14

faciliatates communications between the CNS and outside world

Question 15

what neurons is the somatic nervous system made up of

Answer 15

sensory neurons which transmit and recieve messages from senses to motor pathways which direct muscles to react
eg-visual information from eyes

Question 16

what is the somatic nervous system responsible for

Answer 16

conscious movement-providing muscle responses to the sensory infromation recieved

Question 17

what is the role of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 17

helps transmit and receive information internally, to and from the organs, playing an important role in homeostasis (regulating body conditions)
-involved in unconscious movement

Question 18

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

Answer 18

sympathetic
and
parasympathetic

Question 19

what does the sympathetic branch do

Answer 19

increases activity (ready for fight of flight)

Question 20

what does the parasympathetic branch do

Answer 20

conserves resources by decreasing or maintaining activity, or restores normal physiological functioning when the threat has passed

Question 21

somatic vs autonomic

Answer 21

in booklet

Question 22

what is the function of a sensory neuron

Answer 22

transmit information about the 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) from your sense organs and pass this information to a relay neuron
they are unipolar neurons as they only transmit messages
-have a myelin sheath

Question 23

how are sensory neurons recognised

Answer 23

nucleus in the middle of the axon

Question 24

what is the function of the relay neuron

Answer 24

carry nerve impulses between neurons, connecting and carrying impulse from sensory to motor neurons, allowing them to communicate with one another.
-no mylein sheath

Question 25

where are relay neurons found

Answer 25

brain, visual system and spinal cord

Question 26

how to recognise relay neurons

Answer 26

number of dendrites/ terminal buttons

Question 27

what is the function of the motor neuron

Answer 27

receive messages from the the CNS about what to do and generate movement -have a myelin sheath

Question 28

where do motor neurons carry nerve impulses

Answer 28

Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands

Question 29

how are motor neurons recongised

Answer 29

long axons

Question 30

draw the general structure of a dendrite and describe the different components

Answer 30

in booklet

Question 31

draw the process of synaptic transmission and describe

Answer 31

1. electrical impulse reaches pre-synaptic neuron towards terminal button 2.this triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into synaptic gap 3. neurotransmitters bind to **complementary** receptors on post-synaptic neuron 4. if neurotransmitters are excitatory this means post-synaptic neuron fires action potentials. If they are inhibitory this PSN wont fire action potentials

Question 32

when are inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters fired

Answer 32

the excitatory/inhibitory influences are summed. If net effects are excitatory/inhibitory they release/inhibit action potentials

Question 33

what direction does information travel at the synapse and why

Answer 33

one direction -vesicles containing neurotransmitters are only present on pre-synaptic neuron -receptors are only present on post-synaptic neuron -diffusion of neurotransmitters occurs from high to low conc

Question 34

drugs

Question 35

what is the main function of the endocrine system

Answer 35

regulates cell/organ activity and control vital physiological processes in the body

Question 36

how does the endocrine system control cell and organ activity

Answer 36

through glands that secrete chemical known as hormones directly into the bloodstream via blood vessels

Question 37

where do these hormones then bind

Answer 37

these hormones then bind with specific receptors to regulate the activity of cells or organs in the body

Question 38

what is the master gland

Answer 38

pituitary gland-many of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland control secretion of other endocrine glands rather than having a direct effect on cells

Question 39

which endocrine gland is adrenaline and noradrenaline found and where is it found

Answer 39

adrenal medulla found in kidneys

Question 40

what are the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 40

-stimulates fight and flight response -increases heart rate/blood flow to the brain/muscles -release of stored glucose/fats for use in fight or flight

Question 41

what are effects of persistant surges of adrenaline

Answer 41

-high blood pressure -anxiety -severe headaches

Question 42

which endocrine gland is melatonin found in and where

Answer 42

pineal gland in the brain

Question 43

what are the typical effects of the pineal gland

Answer 43

regulates the sleep-wake cycle

Question 44

what dysfunction is there when theres too little/ too much melatonin being produced

Answer 44

little-anxiety/insomnia much-drowsiness/ reduced core body temperature

Question 45

which gland is thyroxine secreted for and where is it found

Answer 45

thyroid gland below the adams apple

Question 46

what are the effects of thyroxine

Answer 46

increase heart rate and metabolic rate

Question 47

what are the effects of and overactive/ underactive thyroid gland

Answer 47

overactive-nervousness, anxiety underactive-tiredness, weight gain, depression

Question 48

how does the body respond to a fight or flight situation

Answer 48

hypothalamus receives stress signals from the nervous system so sends electrical signals to the sympathetic nervous system to activate the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline into the bloodstream which binds to receptors on target cells to carry our a response

Question 49

The typical effects of adrenaline include (physiological changes)

Answer 49

-increased heart rate -increased breathing rate -pupil dilation -sweat -reduction of non-essential functions eg-digestion

Question 50

what do these physiological changes allow the body to do

Answer 50

fight or flight (run) from threat

Question 51

what occurs after the threat has passed

Answer 51

parasympathetic nervous system restores normal functioning -reduces heart rate/ breathing rate

Question 52

how has the fight/ flight response became maladaptive

Answer 52

many of the stressors we face cannot be solved through activation of fight/flight eg-exams, realtionships, berevement

Question 53

what can the activation of the fight or flight result in

Answer 53

impaired cognitive development, high blood pressure, lowered immune system

Question 54

what can long-term raised levels of stress hormone result in

Answer 54

ilness

Question 55

what are the physical effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 55

as they increase heart rate and blood pressure they can physically damage blood vessels which could cause haemorrages -long term raised levels of cortisol supresses the bodies immune system which leaves us vulnerable to infections and disease

Question 56

what did grey suggest our initial instinct is

Answer 56

to freeze and avoid confrontation all together. we become hyper vigilant and decide the best course of action to take

Question 57

what did Taylor suggest

Answer 57

that fight and flight response is male dominated. Women are more lilkely to protect there offspring and form allieiences with other women rather than to flee

Question 58

what does Taylors study highlight

Answer 58

highlights a beta bias within this area of psychology

Question 59

why can you not establush cause and effect realationhships

Answer 59

the research suggesting biological structures influence behaviour is correlational and you cannot establish cause and effect

Question 60

is this idea reductionist or hollistic

Answer 60

reductionist-assumes biological structures eg-the brain underpin behaviour

Question 61

is this research scientific

Answer 61

yes its scientific as measures are objective increasing reliability of results

Question 62

is the fight or flight response useful survival mechanism for modern day

Answer 62

has become overactive in non-life threatening stressors which could be detrimental to our health