explanations for Sz Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 biological explanations for Sz

A

-genetics
-dopamine hypothesis
-neural correlates

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2
Q

what does genetics suggest

A

-that Sz is a hereditary condition
-its polygenetic- as different combinations of genes make an individual more susceptible to Sz
–levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine) can influence if someone develop Sz

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3
Q

what is some supporting evidence for the genetic explanation for Sz

A

-joesph
-tienari

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4
Q

what did joesph find

A

-carried out a meta-analyisis
-MZ twins had a 40.4% concordance
-DZ twins had a 7.4% concordance

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5
Q

what did tienari find

A

he conducted a twins study
found that of adoptees with Sz mother 6.7% of them also developed Sz
compared to adoptees without Sz mother had a 2% chance of developing Sz

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6
Q

what does the dopamine hypothesis believe cause the positive symptoms of Sz

A

-high levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway which causes overactivity in this region this leads to the positive symptoms of Sz

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7
Q

what does the dopamine hypothesis believe cause the negative symptoms of Sz

A

-people with Sz have lower levels of dopamine in the frontal cortex and the underactivity causes negative symptoms.

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8
Q

what is some supporting evidence for the dopamine hypothesis

A

patel-use PET scans so assess dopamaine levels and found lower levels of dopamine in the frontal cortex in Sz patients compared to controls

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9
Q

what does the neural correlates explanation of Sz suggest

A

-Sz is caused by abnormal brain structure
-smaller frontal cortex and larger ventricles

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10
Q

describe some supporting evidence for neural correlates

A

Torrey conducted an MRI scan of people with Sz and compared it to normal brains and found that people with Sz had 15% larger ventricles than those without which supports neural explanation of Sz

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11
Q

what is some evidence against torrey study

A

However, correlation doesn’t equal causation
Don’t know which way around it is.
HOWEVER
-drugs cause side effects eg-low mood-they could also cause larger ventricles as they were on medication

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12
Q

what are the 3 psychological explanations of Sz

A

-schizophrenogeneic mother
double bind theory
-expressed emotion

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13
Q

what does the Schizphrenogeneic mother explanation of Sz suggest

A

-he proposed a psychodynamic explanation of Sz
-this focuses on the role of the mother in causing their child to develop the illness due to being cold and rejecting
-the mother uses the child to fuffil there own emotional needs
-this leads to tension and secrecy and leads to distrust and paranoia in the child

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14
Q

what does the double bind theory suggest

A

-child receives contradictory messages from there parents
-eg-contradiction between tone of voice and content
-this leads to the child feeling stressed and confused.

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15
Q

Pieces of supporting evidence for double bind theory

A

-Berger

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16
Q

what did berger find

A

he found that people with Sz reported a higher recall of double bind statements by there mother
However
-self-report measure may not be valid

17
Q

what did Liem find
(opposing evidence for double-bind)

A

-measured patterns of parental communication in families with a Sz child and found that there was no difference compared to family with a non Sz child

18
Q

what is expressed emotion

A

where families persistently exhibit criticism, hostility and are overly-involved in there child life
this causes stress and confusion and causes the child to develop Sz

19
Q

what is some supporting evidence for expressed emotion

A

-hooley
-linszen

20
Q

what did hooley find

A

Hooley conducted a meta-analysis of 26 studies and found that Sz returning to a high expressed emotion environment experiences x2 the average relapse rate

21
Q

what did linszen find

A

patient returning to a high EE environment is X4 as likely to relapse that a patients family that is low in EE

22
Q

what is some opposing evidence for expressed emotion

A

Altorfer found that 1-4 of patients showed no physiological response to stressful comments from there family

23
Q

other evalution

A

perhaps having a Sz in the family is causing dysfunction rather than the other way around

24
Q

what are some strengths of the family dysfunction explanation

A

leads to family therapies which are an effective treatment

25
Q

what are the 3 cognitive factors that affect Sz

A

-dysfuntional thought processing
-five factor model
-anomolous experience

26
Q

what are the 2 types of dysfunctional thought processing

A
  1. dysfunctional metarepresentation
  2. dysfunctional central control
26
Q

what is dysfunctional metarepresenatation

A

the individual is ubale to recognise there own thought and actions and may attribute them to someone else which lead to halluciations

27
Q

what is dysfunctional central control

A

inability to supress automatic responses.

28
Q

what is some supporting evidence for dysfunctional metarepresenation

A

McGuire found Sz have reduced activity in the parts of the brain involvd with monitoring inner speech

29
Q

what is some supporting evidence for dysfunctional central control

A

stirling foun with 30 SZ patients compared to 18 controls that Sz took x2 as long to do the stroop test showing that they have difficulty supressing automatic associations

30
Q

what is a weakness of the cognitive explanation

A

-there are problems surrounding cause and effect we don’t know if cognitive deficts are causing the Sz behaviour or vice versa

puts blame onto the patient

31
Q

what are some practical applications surrounding the cognitive explanation

A

NICE found consistent evidence when comparing with anti psychotics that CBT was more effective as reducing symptoms
the fact that this is a treatment is based on the cognitive approach provides more evidence of cognitions affecting Sz