attachment booklet 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is deprivation

A

refers to the loss of emotional care normally provided by the primary caregiver that results in the breaking of emotional bonds. A child denied emotional care for a period of time

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2
Q

what is maternal deprivation

A

refers to the emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and his or her mother/mother substitute

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3
Q

why will the child develop a poor internal working model

A

if an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with their mother the child will have difficulty forming relationships with other people and will develop a poor internal working model

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4
Q

why will the child experience delayed intellectual development

A

if the child experiences repeated separation in the first 2 1/2 years they are likely to become permenantly emotionally or intellectually disturbed which is irreversible. They may have low IQ

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5
Q

what could deprivation result in

A

affectionless psychopathy

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6
Q

what was Bowlbys aim

A

we wanted to establish a cause and effect relationship between maternal deprivation and emotional maladjustment

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7
Q

what was bowlbys procedure

A

-opportunity sample of 88 children
-44 were caught stealing 44 were a control group because of emotional problems

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8
Q

what were the findings of bowlybs theives

A

32% were affectionless psychopaths of which 86% had experienced maternal depriavtion
68% were not affectionless psychopaths of which 17% experienced maternal deprivation

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9
Q

what were the findings of bowlybs controls

A

no affectionless psycopaths

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10
Q

what is affectionless psychopathy

A

a lack of emotional development characteristed by a lack of concern for others, lack of guilt, an inability to form meaningful and lasting relationships

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11
Q

what was some of Bowlys conclusions

A

he concluded that maternal deprivation in the childs early life caused permenant emotional damage and diagnosed this as affectionless psychopathy
he claimed once the attachment bond was broken the negative effects of it could not be reversed

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12
Q

what did Bowlby diagnose affectionless psychopathy as

A

lack of emotional development
charcaterised by a lack of guilt and inability to form meaningful and lasting friendships with others

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13
Q

what is some criticisms of supporting evidence

A

information about early separation was collected by the participants relying on there accuracy of recall/honesty. This means the data may lack validity questioning the credibility of the theory

rutter argues that Bowlby confused caused and effect with association. The fact that early separation and later maljustment are linked doesn’t mean meaan one causes the other. There could be a third underlying variable eg-poor living

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14
Q

what is some opposing evidence

A

Lewis replicated the juveniles theives study with a larger sample of children and found that early deprivation caused by prolonged separation from the primary caregiver did noy predict a greater likelyhood of criminal behaviour in the youths. This casts doubt on Bowlbys theory as it suggests there are other factors may be involved

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15
Q

what did Rutter point out the difference was between privation and deprivation

A

deprivation-losing an attachment
privation-never forming an attachment

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16
Q

what did Rutter point out about Bowlby

A

Rutter pointed out that severe long term damage Bowlby associated with deprivation is more likely to be the result of privation. The 44 theives may have never formed strong attatchments to begin with

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17
Q

what are some positives contributions of Bowlbys theory

A

-Bowlbys theory had a massive impact on post war child-rearing practices before bolwbys theory children and parents were seperated and dicouraged/forbidden from visiting
-bowlbys theory led to major social change in the way children were cared for

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18
Q

what are some negative consequences of Bowlys theory

A

-Bowlbys theory suggest temporary separation between child and caregiver has damaging effects this led to many working mothers feeling guilty about leaving there child

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19
Q

what is institutionalisation

A

describes the result of institutionalised care, the effects upon attatchment
an instituion is a place dedicated to to living arrangement outside the family home.

20
Q

what happenened to the children

A

children were separated from their parents
the war lead to large numbers of children spending some or all there childhood in institutionalised care

21
Q

what were the 3 effects of institutionalisation

A

disinhibited attatchment
quasi-autistic features
cognitive impairment

22
Q

what is disinhibited attatchment

A

-form of insecure attachment where children experience a lack of close confiding relationships
-don’t discriminate against people they choose as attachment figures. They are equally friendly and affectionate to everyone eg-people they know well/strangers

23
Q

what did rutter say disinhibited attachment was an adaptation for

A

rutter said disinhibited attachment was an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period for attachment formation

24
Q

what is quasi-autistic features

A

problems understanding the meaning of social contexts and may display obsessional behaviour

25
Q

how does quasi autism differ from true autism

A

-individuals show more flexibility with communication
-more social interest with peers
-severity of symptoms also diminish with age

26
Q

how does cognitive impairment differ between institutionalised children and control group

A

IQ scored are on average 15 points lower than the average child
In Rutters study most children showed signs of cognitive impairment when they arrived in Britain
However those adopted before 6 months-the age at which attachment forms caught up with their peers by age 4
this shows nationalisation can be recovered provided adoption takes place before the age of 4

27
Q

what was Rutters procedure

A

-followed a group of 165 romanian orphans adopted in Britain to see what extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in instituions
physical, congitive and emotional developments were assesed ages 4,6, 11 and 15
-control group of 52 British Children adopted around the same time served as a control group

28
Q

what was the findings of Rutters experiment

A

when they arrived in the UK half the children showed signs of delayed intellectual development and the majority were severly undernourished
before 6m-102
6m-2y-86
after 2y-77
Beckett found that these differences were still present when the children were 16y

29
Q

what was the conclusions of rutters experiment

A

-there was a difference in outcome depending on whether the adoption took place before or after 6m
-those adopted after 6m showed signs of disinhibited attachment including attention seeking, clinginess and social behaviour towards familiar and unfamiliar adults this may be as a result of living with multiple caregivers
-those adopted before 6m rarely displayed signs of disinhibited attachment

30
Q

what did zeanah find out about the bucharest early intervention project

A

assessed attachment in 95 children aged 21-31 months old using the strange situation of children who had lived in an institution and compared this to a control group
-carers were also asked about unusual social behaviour eg-clingy, attention seeking and inappropriate behaviour directed at adults.

she found that 74% of the control group came out as securely attached compared to 19% of the institutionalised group being securely attached.

31
Q

what are some real life applications of the Romanian orphans study

A

it has enhanced our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation

Langton has suggested that this knowledge has changed the way children in institutions are cared for. One/two keyworkers only play a central role for each child . Having a keyworker means children will be able to develop normal attachments and helps to avoid disinhibited attachment types

32
Q

what are some real life applications of the Romanian orphans study in regards to adoption

A

-it has also helped change the adoption process historically mothers were encouraged to keep their children for a substantial period of time by which the critical period had passed
singer stated that children are as secuely attached to their biological families as adoptive mothers

33
Q

how are the long term effects of the Romanian orphan study not clear yet

A

The study described only followed adopted and fostered children into their mid-teens. However it is too soon to say for certain whether children suffered long/short term effects. Children who spent longer in the institutions may still catch up as adults in intellectual and emotional development. Equally early adopted children who have no issues now may display issues in later life

34
Q

how does the romanian orphan study have fewer extraneous variables than other studies

A

in other orphan studies infants had often experienced a lot of abuse before the institutionalisation. So it was difficult to measure the effects of institutionalisation alone as there may be other participent variables that confound the results.
However in the romanian orphan study there is no confounding variables which means the finding have high internal validity and cause and effect relationships can be estabalished

35
Q

is it only deprivation in the romanian orphans study

A

A criticism is that deprivation is only one factor in development The orphans also experienced no mental stimulation, often malnourished and living in poverty

36
Q

what is some supporting evidence for the effect of early attachment on childhood relationships

A

Youngblade and Belsky- found that 3-5 year old securely attached children were more curious, empathetic, compatent and got along better with other children. This shows a positive correlation between secure attachment and better peer relationships and personal devepment

Kerns found that securely attached infants are more likely to have good quality peer relationships whereas infants with insecure relationships were more likely to have difficulty maintaining/ keeping friendships

37
Q

what are some problems with this research

A

-positive corrolation doesnt show cause and effect could be a 3rd underlying variable
-parents could be biased and show demand charcateristics

38
Q

what is some supporting evidence for the influence of early attachment on adult relationships

A

Hazan And shaver devised the love quiz
to measure attachment type they used an adjective checklist of childhood relationship with parents and parents relationship with each other
it also questioned there belief about romantic love EG-is it easy to find, how much trust is there
they classified them if they were secure, avoidant or resistant as children
they also classified them on their adult style of love

39
Q

what were the findings of hazan and shavers quiz

A

positive corrolation between early attachment and experiences in love
secure=loving + lasting relationships
avoidant= dislike intimacy
resistant=shorter relationships

40
Q

what is a corrolational issue with Hazan and Shavers study

A

they only found a corelation between early attachment and later relationships. However there could be a 3rd intervening variable Eg-Kagan devised the temperament hypothesis which was that a child temperament affects the quality of attachement

41
Q

what was an issue with the way the research was collected

A

it was a questionnaire so asked participants to retrospectively look back on past events-memories aren’t always accurate
they also may be biased in there recall failing to recall certain aspects on their life
this reduces internal validity of results

42
Q

why could a sample be critiqued

A

it was a volunteer sample-only helpful motivated personality types will reply. Therefore the sample lacks population validity

43
Q

what is some further research indicating that poor early attachment leads to difficulties parenting

A

Harlows research with the rhesus monkeys found that poor early attachment lead to poorer monkey parenting in the future
Quinton also found that mothers who were raised in institutionalised care struggled as parents themselves this is believed due to the lack of an internal working model as they didnt have a blueprint for future relationships

44
Q

whos found a weak corrolation between corrolation between having a secure relationship in childhood and secure relationships in adulthood

A

Steele found a weak corrolation of 0.17 between having a secure attachment in childhood and early adulthood

45
Q

who found that other factors have a much larger influence

A

Zimmerman researched children from germany and found that attachment style ages 12-18m did not determine future relationships and life events eg-parental divorce had a much larger impact

46
Q

what are some debates regarding this

A

It could be seen as too deterministic-it says later relations are solely caused by quality of early attachment there are other factors eg-financial pressure and age difference between partners