Salmonella Flashcards
1
Q
What are some of the characteristics of Salmonella?
A
- Gram negative
- Rods
- Facultatively anaerobic
- Motile with peritrichous flagella
- NON-lactose fermenter
- Zoonotic (Food and direct)
- Habitat: GI tract of all animals
- Very Hardy organism
2
Q
Modes fo Infection
A
- Oral
- Transovarian transmission
- Flies: on body surface or in GI tract
- Foodbone infections in humans
3
Q
What are the major Sources of Infection?
A
- Infected animals
- Asymptomatic carriers
4
Q
What are the Virulence Factors of Salmonella?
A
- Adhesins (pili)
- Capsule (Vi)
- Flagella
- Endotoxin
-
Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI)
- SPI-1 to SPI - 22
- SPI-1 is responsible for invasion of intestinal epithelium
-
Siderophores:
- enterobactin
-
Stress Proteins:
- OM proteins produced in response to stress
-
Virulence Plasmids (SPV):
- involved in systemic infections
5
Q
What are Endotoxin (LPS)?
A
- Mutants that lack LPS are less virulent
- LPS causes vascular damage and thrombosis in the intestine
- Responsible for systemic signs:
- fever
- diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- circulatory collapse
- shock
- abortion
6
Q
What are the predisposing factors for Salmonella infection
A
-
STRESS
- Shipping
- cold
- overcrowding
- surgery
- antimicrobial therapy
7
Q
What are the different types of Salmonella Infections
A
- Intestinal Infections
- Systemic infections
8
Q
What is Salmonellla Enteritis?
A
- Ileum most often affected
- Speads to jejunum and colon
- Shortening and distortion of villi
- Degeneration of enterocytes
- Increased emptying of goblet cells (mucus production)
- Neutrophilic infiltration and migration into the lumen (neutrophilic shedding in feces)
9
Q
What is Bovine Salmonellosis?
A
- Common Serotypes:
- Dublin and Typhimurium
- Adults: Fever, depression, and severe diarrhea with blood and mucus
- Cows: Abortion
- Calves:
- Usually between 3-6 weeks
- Fever and Diarrhea
- Death in 1-2 days
10
Q
Pathogenesis of intestinal Infections
A
- Colonization of the intestine
- adhere to enterocytes (pili or protien mediated)
- Large numbers to initiate disease
- Stress is critical factor
- Invasion and damage of the intestinal epithelium
- Enter the cells through the microvilli or the junction complexes
- multiply and attack adjacent cells
- enter lamina propria and engulfed by macrophages
- Ability to survive and multiply inside phagocytes
- Simulation of fluid production and excretion
- Net secretion of water, bicarbonate, and chloride into the lumen
- Loss of epithelial cells results in impaired absorption
11
Q
How do Systemic Salmonella infections happen?
A
- Start in the Intestinal Mucosa and Submucosa
- Enter th lymphatic vessels and go to the lymph nodes
- Enter the blood vessels
- Filtered by the RE system in the spleen and Liver
- LPS is the key virulence factor
- Most often observed with
- S. Typhi humans
- S. Cholerasuis pigs
- S. Dublin cattle
- S. Pullorum chickens
- S. Gllinarum chickens
12
Q
How does Salmonella cause abortion?
A
2 ways:
- Fetus is culture positive
- Bacteremia
- Infection of the placenta and fetus
- Abortion
- Fetus is culture negative
- Endotoxemia
- Release of PGF2a
- Lysis of Corpus luteum
- Abortion
13
Q
What is Equine Salmonellosis?
A
- Common Serotypes:
- Typhimurium, Newport, Enteritidis, Heidelberg
- Adult: Fever, depression, severe diarrhea with blood and mucus
- Foals: Septicemia, high mortality
14
Q
What is Swine Salmonellosis?
A
- Common Serotypes:
- Choleraesuis and Typhimurium
- Acute Form:
- Purplish areas, fever
- Death in 1-3 days
- Subacute Form: Diarrhea
- Chronic Form: Enteritis with secondary invasion (necrosis)
15
Q
- Why is Salmonella a concern with Exotic Pets
A
- 1.35 million cases of Salmonellosis occur yearly in theUS
- 26,500 hospitalizations
- 420 death
- About 74,000 from reptiles and amphibians
16
Q
How does serotype nomenclature work?
A
- Named for a particular disease
- Ex: S. Pullorum
- Named after the location
- Ex: S. Dublin
- Capital P/D indicate serotype name not species name