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Bacteriology and Mycology > Mycology Part 1B > Flashcards

Mycology Part 1B Flashcards

1
Q

What is Eumycotic Mycetoma?

A
  • Tumorous, granulomatous infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by true fungi
    • May rarely invade bone
  • History:
    • First reported in man in Madurai, India
      • Maduramycotic mycetoma
      • Chromoblastomycosis
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2
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Eumycotic Mycetoma?

A
  • Tumorous granulomas
  • Skin and subcutaneous tissues, rarely bone
  • Abscesses with draining tracts
  • Granules - Usually colored
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3
Q

What Fungi are responsible for Eumycotic Mycetoma in animals?

A
  • Pseudallescheria boydii
  • Curvularia geniculata
  • Helminthosporium spp.
  • Madurell mycetomatis
  • Cochliobolus spicifer
  • Cladosporium werneckii
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4
Q

How is Eumycotic Mycetoma diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical Diagnosis:
    • Granules in exudate
  • Laboratory Diagnosis:
    • Direct examination of exudate or crushed granules
      • Demonstrate hyphae with or without spores
    • Culture examination:
      • Grow on Sabouraud Dextrose agar with or without antibiotics
      • Identification difficult
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5
Q

What is the Epidemiology of Eumycotic Mycetoma?

A
  • Not a contagious disease
  • Wound contamination by soil or other infectious material
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6
Q

What is the Treatment for Eumycotic Mycetoma?

A
  • Most attempts are unsuccessful
  • Surgical Removal
  • Iodides
  • Amphotericin B
  • 5-Fluorocytosine
  • Thiobendazole
  • Ketoconazole
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7
Q

What is Sporotrichosis?

A
  • Caused by: Sporothrix schenckii
  • Disease or horses, dogs, cattle, fowl, rats, hamsters, humans, mules, cats, camels, swine, mice, and primates
    • Chronic and granulomatous
      • Usually subcutaneous, rarely systemic
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8
Q

What is the Prevalence of Sporotrichosis?

A
  • Sporadic cases in endemic areas
  • Ubiquitous saprophyte of plant material, esp. sphagnum or peat moss
  • Primarily a wound infection
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9
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis?

A
  • Proteases -hydrolyses stratum corneum
  • CMI response responsible for tissue reaction
  • Cell contains lipid, melanin, peptide-rhamnomannan
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10
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Sporotrichosis?

A
  • Subcutaneous abscesses - Most Common
    • Small granulomas at site of wound
    • Lesions most often on extremities
    • Nodules ulcerated with brownish-red exudate
    • Lymphangitis
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11
Q

How does Sporotrichosis affect horses?

A
  • Streptothricosis - Dermatophilus congolensis
  • Glanders - Burkholderia mallei
  • Ulcerative lymphagitis - Coryne pseudotuberculosis
  • Epizootic lymphangitis - Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosusm
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12
Q

How is Sporotrichosis Diagnosed?

A
  • Laboratory:
    • Microscopic Examination of exudate
      • Gram Stain
      • New Methylene Blue
      • Cigar Bodies (yeast cells)
        • Dogs, horse, human - few or none
        • Cats and Dogs testicular lesions - many cigar bodies
    • Cultural examination
      • BA at 37C - Yeast phase
      • Potato dextrose agar - black colonies
      • Sabouraud Dextrose agar at 25C
        • Grows in mycelial phase
        • Small oval conidia on a short conidiophore
        • convert mycelial to yeast phase for confirmation
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13
Q

What is the treatment for Sporotrichosis?

A
  • Iodides - organic or inorganic
  • Amphotericin B - toxicity
  • Surgery contraindicated
    • May cause dissemination and increase severity
  • Griseofulvin
  • Ketoconazole
  • Itraconazole
  • 5-Fluorocytosine
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14
Q

What is Rhinosporidiosis?

A
  • Caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi
  • Chronic granulomatous infection of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
  • Reported in:
    • Horses
    • Mules
    • Cattle
    • Humans
    • Cat
    • Dogs
    • Goats
    • Geese
    • Ducks
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15
Q

What is the Prevalence of Rhinosporidium seeberi?

A
  • Sporadic in the U.S
  • More cases are seen in humans than animals in endemic areas
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16
Q

What is pathogenesis of Rhinosporidium seeberi?

A
  • Likely CMI reaction
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17
Q

What are the Clinical Manifestations of Rhinosporidium seeberi?

A
  • Tumorous polyp-like growth in the nasal cavity
  • Single or multiple
  • Soft - bleed easily
  • Mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • Lobulated surface - cauliflower-like
  • Small white specks on the surface (Sporangia)
  • General health not impaired
  • Not disseminated
  • Affects breathing
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18
Q

How is Rhinosporidiosis diagnosed?

A
  • Laboratory
    • Direct examination: squeeze out sporangia and examine on wet mount
    • Round Sporangia: 300-350 micro meters with 16,000-20,000 spores (5-7 micrometers) inside
    • Histopathology on biopsy of fixed tissue
    • Not grown in laboratory media
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19
Q

What is the epidemiology of Rhinosporidiosis?

A
  • Not contagious
  • Natural habitat unknown
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20
Q

What is the treatment of Rhinosporidiosis?

A
  • Surgery, but may reoccur
  • Antimicrobials have no effect
  • Variety of things have been tried - none highly successful
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21
Q

What is Candidiasis?

A
  • Caused by: Candida spp. (usually Candida albicans)
  • Usually affects digestive tract of calves and poultry; also affects dogs, cats, and horses
  • Swine - skin infections and gastric ulcers
  • Cattle - Associated with mastitis and abortion
22
Q

What is the Prevalence of Candidiasis?

A
  • Infections usually sporadic
  • Highly fatal in poultry
23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis

A
  • Organisms always present in digestive and urogenital tracts
  • Opportunistic pathogen
  • In immunocompromised individuals
    • Diabetes, malnutrition, or AIDS
    • Hormonal imbalance in women - vaginal
    • Antibiotic or corticosteroids therapy
  • Glycoproteins, proteases, lipases, neuraminidase, adhesins
24
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Candidiasis in poultry?

A
  • Crop Mycosis:
    • Whitish-gray pseudomembrane on the mucosa with many yeast cells
25
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Candidiasis in calves?

A
  • Infections o abomasum associated with antibiotic over therapy
26
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Candidiasis in swine?

A
  • Gastric ulcers
27
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Candidiasis in Dairy Cows?

A
  • Prolonged antibiotic therapy following mastitis
28
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Candidiasis in dogs?

A
  • Systemic infections have been reported
29
Q

How is Candidiasis diagnosed?

A
  • Laboratory Diagnosis:
    • Direct Examination
      • Clear scraping in 10% KOH
      • Gram stain scraping
    • Cultural Examination
      • Yeast cells on Sabouraud Dextrose agar, final identification difficult
      • Commercial test kits
30
Q

What is the Epidemiology of Candidiasis?

A
  • Humans: transmitted at birth
  • Animals:
    • Likely at birth
    • Direct animal to animal contact when in close confinement
    • Endogenous
31
Q

What is the Treatment for Candidiasis?

A
  • Discontinue antibiotic and/or steroid therapy
  • Nystatin ointment topically
  • Amphotericin-B
  • In Poultry 1:2000 copper sulfate in the drinking water
  • Miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole
  • Flucytosine
32
Q

What are the characteristics of Malassezia pachydermatis?

A
  • Part of the normal flora of canine ear
  • Antibiotic therapy for infections caused by other microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
  • First described on he Rhinoceros - skin lesions
33
Q

How is Malassezia pachydermatis cultured?

A
  • Grows on;
    • Blood agar at 37C
    • Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
    • Dermatophyte Test medium
  • Gram stain:
    • Typical budding yeast cells, some appearing like peanut shells
34
Q

How is Malassezia pachydermatitis treated?

A
  • Like C. albicans (Both cause Cndidiasis)
  • Nystatin ointment topically
  • Amphotericin-B
  • Miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole
  • Flucytosine
35
Q

What is Zygomycetes (phycomycetes)?

A
  • Granulomatous diseases
  • Affect a wide variety of tissues
  • Important Phycomycetes
    • Mucor sp.
    • Rhizopus sp.
    • Absidia sp.
    • Mortierella sp. - cases of abortion
    • Rhizomucor sp.
36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Zygomycetes?

A
  • Tend to occur in individuals who are suffering from another primary condition
37
Q

What are the Clinical Manifestation of Zygomycetes in horses?

A
  • Ulcers and granulomatous lesions on lower leg
  • Reported to cause granulomatous lesion at the muco-cutaneous junction of the mouth and nostril
38
Q

What are the Clinical manifestations of Zygomycetes in other species?

A
  • Dog:
    • ulcers on the leg
    • Otitis
  • Calves: Abomasal ulcers
  • Sheep: Respiratory infections
  • Birds: Respiratory infections
  • Cattle:
    • Placental lesions
    • Mycotic rumenitis
    • Abortion - Mortierella sp.
39
Q

How is Zygomycetes diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical:
    • Usually made at necropsy
    • In living animal or at necropsy, biopsy or smear from infected tissue
    • Should demonstrate aseptate, broad hyphae
  • Laboratory:
    • Direct Examination
      • Aseptate, broad hyphae in smear from lesion
      • Histopathology on necropsy or biopsy tissue
40
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Zygomycetes?

A
  • Horses standing in water or mud (OKA: “Leaches”)
  • Cattle: overload of the rumen and rumenitis with resulting invasion of ruminal wall with the fungus
    • Result in rupture of the rumen
  • Neoplasia
  • Immunosuppressive therapy or disease
41
Q

What is the treatment for Zygomycetes?

A
  • Surgery
  • Amphotericin - B
42
Q

What is Aspergillosis?

A
  • Systemic Mycoses
  • Caused by: Aspergillus spp.
  • Primarily infections of the respiratory tract
  • Can also affect eyes skin, meninges, reproductive tract
  • Infections in mammals are rare
  • Commonly see infections in birds - domestics and wild
  • Common bread mold
43
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Aspergillosis?

A
  • Most infections likely contracted by inhalation of spores
  • Adhesins, lipases, proteases
44
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillosis in birds?

A
  • Brooder pneumonia
    • Young birds are very susceptible
    • Septicemia and fungus throughout body
    • Very high morbidity and mortality
    • Chronic air sacculitis in wild birds
      • Fungus grows in air sacs - sporulates
45
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillosis in horses?

A
  • Nasal sinus infections
  • Meningeal involvement
  • Generalized infection - rare
  • Diarrhea in young horses - rare
  • Abortions in horses have been reported - rare
46
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Aspergillosis in Cattle?

A
  • Multiple granulomas in the lungs
  • Abortions
    • Retained placenta
    • Placenta thickened and leathery
47
Q

What are the Clinical manifestations of Aspergillosis in other animals?

A
  • Pulmonary granulomas
    • Dogs, cats, sheep
  • Disseminated infection
    • dogs
48
Q

How is Aspergillosis diagnosed?

A
  • Use caution when cultured
    • a ubiquitous saprophyte - make sure you have not cultured a contaminant
  • Direct microscopic examination
    • Demonstrate septate hyphae
    • May see sporulation in air sacs of birds like that seen on agar
49
Q

What is the culture of Aspergillosis?

A
  • Sabouraud Dextrose agar
    • Black = A. niger
    • Green/yellow = A. flavus
    • Bluish-green = A fumigatus
    • Gray = A fumigatus
    • Pink/Yellow/Orange = A. glaucus
  • Lacto-phenol-Cotton Blu tease mount
    • Demonstrate typical morphology
50
Q

What is the treatment for Aspergillosis?

A
  • Not practiced in birds
  • Best to follow good sanitary measures to prevent Brooder pneumonia
  • Other animals - Poor prognosis
    • Ketoconazole
    • Nystatin
    • Amphotericin - B
    • 5-Fluorocystine

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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