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Bacteriology and Mycology > Corynebacterium/Trueperella/Rhodococcus > Flashcards

Corynebacterium/Trueperella/Rhodococcus Flashcards

1
Q

What is Corynebacterium?

A
  • Gram positive
  • Nonspore forming rod (pleomorphic)
    • Club shaped
  • Several species
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2
Q

What are the species of Corynebacterium?

A
  • C. equi - Rhodococcus equi
  • C. suis - Actinbaculum suis
  • C. pyogenes - Trueperella pyogenes
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3
Q

What is C. diphtheriae?

A
  • Causes diphtheria in children
  • Diphtheria toxin
    • A-B toxin, gene on a prophage
  • Not an animal pathogen
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4
Q

What is C. ulcerans?

A
  • Emerging pathogen
  • Produces diphtheria toxin
  • Causes diphtheria
  • An animal Pathogen
    • hence a zoonotic agent
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5
Q

What diseases does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?

A
  • Sheep & Goats: Caseous Lymphadenitis
  • Horses:
    • Ulcerative Lymphangitis
    • External (Pigeon Fever) abscesses
    • Internal abscesses
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6
Q

What are the Biotype of . pseudotuberculosis?

A
  • Ovis - Sheep and goats
    • Nitrate reduction test negative
  • Equi - Horses and cattle
    • Nitrate reduction test positve
  • PCR assay can be used to differentiate
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7
Q

What are the Virulence factors of C. pseudotuberculosis?

A
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
  • Surface lipid coat protects the organism in teh phagocytic cells
  • Exotoxin: Phospholipase D (PLD) - Protective antigen
    • Cytolytic
  • Mycolic acid: Protection
    • Permits the organism to survive intracellularly
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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. Pseudotuberculosis?

A
  1. Organism is present in the GI tract and soil
  2. Enters through skin breaks / Ingestion or inhalation
  3. Form micro abscesses at the site of entry
  4. Disseminated by phagocytic cells via lymph or blood to lymph nodes
  5. Phospholipase D increases vascular permeabiliy and spreads the infection
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9
Q

What is Caseous Lymphadenitis?

A
  • Chronic and contagious disease in sheep and goats
  • Abscesses in the skin, lymph nodes and internal organs
  • Two forms:
    • External: Infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and peripheral lymph nodes
    • Internal: Abscesses in lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and internal lymph nodes
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10
Q

What are the forms of C. pseudotuberculosis in Horses?

A
  • 3 forms:
    • Ulcerative lymphangitis - less common
    • External Abscesses
    • Internal Abscesses
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11
Q

What is Ulcerative Lymphangitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the lyphatic vessels
  • Formation of abscesses on the legs
  • Abscesses break and exude thick greenish pus
  • Resembles farcy
  • May spread to internal organs
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12
Q

What are External Abscesses of C. pseudotuberculosis?

A
  • Single large abscess, often in the pectoral region
  • Pigeon fever or Breast bone fever
  • Thick capsule and filled with yellow to tan pus
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13
Q

What are Internal Abscesses with C. pseudotuberculosis?

A
  • Difficult to diagnose
  • Weight loss, fever, depression, colic
  • Most often in the liver
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14
Q

How is C. pseudotuberculosis diagnosed?

A
  • External abscesses are easy to diagnose
  • Bacteriologic culture
    • Diptheroid rods in stained smears of the pus
    • Isolation and PCR confirmation
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15
Q

How is C. pseudotuberculosis Treated?

A
  • Antibiotics:
    • Penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline with rifampin (penetrates the abscess)
  • Not very effective because of the thick abscess capsule and intracellular location
  • External abscesses - Surgical incision to drain
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16
Q

Is there a vaccine for C. pseudtuberculosis?

A
  • Inactivated whole cell wall and supernatant containing phospholipase D (protective)
  • Commercially available
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17
Q

What Corynebacterium species cause UTIs?

A
  • C. renale* most common
  • C. pilosum
  • C. cystitidis
  • Predominantly in cows
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18
Q

What are the Virulence factors of C. renale?

A
  • Fimbriae - Attachment
  • Urease - Ammonia
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19
Q

What is he pathogenesis of C. renale?

A
  • Attachment to the epithelial cells of the urinary reproductive tracts
  • Ascends to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis
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20
Q

What Diseases does C. renale / C. cystitidis cause in Cattle?

A
  • Hemorrhagic cystitis
    • ulceration of the bladder
  • Ureteritis and Pyelonephritis
  • Clinical Signs:
    • Fever
    • Anorexia
    • Arched back
    • Frequent urination
    • Urine will have albumin
    • Leukocytes
    • Blood clots
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21
Q

What disease does C. pilosum cause in Cattle?

A
  • Less pathogenic
  • Mild cystitis
  • Rarely pyelonephritis
22
Q

What disease does C. pilosum / cystitidis cause in Sheep/Goats?

A
  • Rarely causes UTI
  • Cause preputial ulcerative dermatitis “Posthitis”
  • Normally inhabit the prepuce
  • High protein diet is a predisposing factor
  • High urea excretion leads to increased ammonia
23
Q

What is Posthitis?

A
  • Ammonia causes irritation leading to inflammation and ulceration of the preputial skin
  • Spreads from the orifice to the mucosa
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Crusting, swelling and pain
  • Pooled urine and pus could cause necrosis
  • Ewes: ulcerative vulvovaginitis
24
Q

What is the treatment for C. pilosum / renale / cystitidis

A
  • Antibiotics:
    • Penicillin and Trimethoprin-Sulfamethaxazole
  • Posthitis:
    • Reduction in protein diet
    • Antibaacterial ointment or spray
25
Q

What is C. ulcerans

A
  • A human pathogen
    • causes diphtheria
  • Produces diphtheria toxin and phospholipase D
  • Commensal in animals:
    • Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, and cats
  • Mastitis in dairy cows
  • lymphadenitis in sheep and goats
  • Rhinitis in dogs and cats
  • Zoonotic
26
Q

What is Rhodococcus?

A
  • Several species
27
Q

What diseases does Rhodococcus equi cause?

A
  • Causes pneumonia in foals
  • Mesenteric Lymphadenitis and arthritis in foals
  • Tubercle lesions in cervical lymph nodes swine and cattle
  • Pneumonia in AIDS patients
28
Q

What is Rhodococcus equi?

A
  • Formally Corynebacterium equi
  • Pleomorphic: Coccoid (solid medium) to rods (liquid medium)
  • Gram Positive
  • Nonspore forming
  • Nonhemolytic, does produce hemolysin, phospholipase
  • Synergestic with hemolysin of Staphylococcu aureus, C. Pseudotuberculosis, L. monocytogenes (Positive CAMP)
29
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of Rhodoccocus?

A
  • Serotyping based on capsular polysaccharide
  • >10 serotypes
  • Predominant serotype in the US is serotype 1
30
Q

What are the Virulence factors of Rhodococcus?

A
  • Virulence is due to a plasmid
  • Large plasmid (80 - 90 Kb) that codes for surface proteins called virulence associated proteins (VAP)
    • Function of VAP is not known
  • Lipid layer with mycolic acid
31
Q

What is the mode of infection of Rhodococcus?

A
  • Soil borne infection
  • Also present in feces of animals
  • Inhallation of the dust
32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rhodococcus?

A
  1. Enter the alveoli and is phagocytosed by macrophages
  2. Multiply in the phagocytesand eventually destroy the alveolar macrophages
  3. Death of the macrophages is followed by neutrophilic infiltration and abscess formation
33
Q

What is R. equi penumonia in Foals?

A
  • Generally between 4 - 12 weeks of age
    • Rarely in adult horses
  • Onset is insidious
  • Anorectic with nasal discharge
  • Mortality is high (64%)
  • Lymphadenitis is common
  • Lymph nodes in the hed are generally not involved
34
Q

Does R. equi infect other animals?

A
  • Swine - Lymphadenitis of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes
  • Sheep & Cattle - Pneumonia
  • Goats - Lesions in the liver
35
Q

How is R. equi diagnosed?

A
  • Bacterial culture
  • Sample - Transtracheal aspirates
36
Q

How is R. equi Treated?

A
  • Antibiotics:
    • Penicillin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, and Gentamicin
    • Erythromycin or penicillin in combo with rifampicin
37
Q

What is Trueperella pyogenes?

A
  • Gram Positive
  • Rods
  • Beta hemolytic
  • Pus forming
  • Abscesses in all animals
    • more common in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine
  • Inhabitant of the mm of respiratory, GI, and genital tracts
  • Most common opportunistic pathogen
38
Q

What are the Virulence Factors of Trueperella pyogenes?

A
  • Several toxins and enzymes
  • Hemolysin: Pyolysin O (PLO) - Protective
  • Neuramindase -Adhesion
  • Extracellular matrix-binding protein - Adhesion
  • Exoenzymes: Proteases, DNAses, etc.
39
Q

What is Pyolysin?

A
  • Primary virulence factor - protective antigen
  • Lyses RBCs but also cytotoxic to other cells (WBCs and macrophages)
  • Mutants that lack the gene are less virulent
40
Q

What is Neuraminidase?

A
  • Sialidase: Cleaves sialic acid from CHO or glycoproteins
  • Two enzymes:
    • NanH: Cell-wall associated 107 kDa Protein
    • NanP: 186.8 kDa protein
  • Role in adhesion
    • Decrease the viscosity o mucus
41
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Trueperella pyogenes?

A
  1. Normally present on the mucous membrane
  2. Entry requires some insult or injury to the mm
  3. Could be a primary pathogen but most often is a secondary invader
  4. May get disseminated and even cause abortion
  5. Most often infection is localized causing abscesses
42
Q

What diseases does Trueperella pyogenes cause in animals?

A
  • Cattle - Liver abscesses
  • Cows - Summer mastitis
  • Dairy - Metritis, endometritis
  • Swine - septic arthritis
  • Foot rot in cattle, sheep, goats
43
Q

What are Liver abscesses in Cattle?

A
  • Second most common etiological agent
  • Source is probably the ruminal wall
  • Reaches liver via portal vein
44
Q

What is Summer Mastitis?

A
  • Mastitis in dry cows and heifers
  • Mastitis with thick purulent secretions
  • Entry through tat canal
  • Common during fly season
    • fly bites provide portal of entry
45
Q

What is Foot rot?

A
  • Cattle - associated with F. necrophorum
  • Sheep and goats - associated with D. nodosus
46
Q

What is Septic Arthritis in Swine?

A
  • Caused by Trueperella pyogenes
  • Appears after farrowing
  • Source of infection is probably the uterus
47
Q

What other infections does Trueperella pyogenes cause?

A
  • Umbilical infections
  • Traumatic reticulitis (Hardware Disease)
  • Internal abscesses in all animals
48
Q

How is Trueperella pyogenes diagnosed?

A
  • Bacterial culture - Isolation and Identificatoin
  • Minute colonies in blood agar with distinct narrow zone of hemolysis
49
Q

How is Trueperella pyogenes Treated?

A
  • Antibiotics:
    • Penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, sulfamethazine, and tetracyclines
  • Response to antibiotics is poor
    • Capsulation
    • Antibiotics bind to proteins in the pus
50
Q

Is there a vaccine for Trueperella pyogenes?

A
  • None available
  • Bacterin may be of some help
  • Pyolysin as a subunit vaccine

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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