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Bacteriology and Mycology > Lawsonia/Heliobacter > Flashcards

Lawsonia/Heliobacter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Lawsonia and Helicobacter?

A
  • Gram Negative
  • Helical Shaped rods
  • Obligate intracellular pathogen
  • Grows only in tissue culture medium
  • Causes Proliferative enteritis in swine
    • Proliferation of enterocytes
    • 4 forms: Chronic proliferative enteritis, Necrotic enteritis, Regional ileitis, and Acute hemorrhagic enteritis
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2
Q

What is Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Other names:
    • Regional ileitis
    • Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
    • Porcine Proliferative Ileitis
  • Also in Horses and Deer
  • Occurs worldwide
  • Economically important disease
  • Generally in weaned pigs (6-20 wk)
  • Complex disease: 4 forms
    • Common lesion- Thickening of the mucosa
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Proliferation of enterocytes
  • Hyperplastic to adenoma-like lesions of the terminal ileum, cecum, and colon
  • Disease can be reproduced in conventional swine, but not in gnotobiotic swine
  • Synergy with intestinal bacteria
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4
Q

What is the habitat of Lawsonia intracellularis?

A
  • Intestinal tracts of pigs and excreted in feces
  • also of rodents
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5
Q

What is the mode of infection of Lawsonia intracellularis?

A
  • Ingestion
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6
Q

What are the virulence factors of Lawsonia intracellularis?

A
  • LPS and Surface antigen A (Lsa A)
    • Adhesion
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7
Q

What are the 4 forms of Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  1. Chronic Proliferative Enteropathy:
    • Thickening of the mucosa due to hyperplasia
  2. Necrotic Enteritis:
    • Chronic form with necrotic mucosa
  3. Regional Ileitis:
    • Chronic form with thickening of the muscle (Garden hose gut)
  4. Acute Hemorrhagic Enteropathy:
    • Hemorrhage into the lumen (Black tarry feces)
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8
Q

What are the Clinical Signs of Acute Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Most common in young adults of 4 - 12 months of age
  • Diarrhea with brownish to black unclotted blood
  • Pallor
  • Weakness
  • Death
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9
Q

What are the Clinical Signs of Subacute/Chronic cases of Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Most common in grower pigs
  • Sporadic diarrhea
  • reduced weight gain and growth rate
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10
Q

What is the Pathology of Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Lesions:
    • Thickening of the ileum, occasionaly of the cecum and colon
      • ‘Cerebriform’ appearance
    • Hyperplasia of enterocytes within the crypts of jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon
    • Intracellular bacteria in the enterocytes
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11
Q

How is Swine Proliferative Enteritis Diagnosed?

A
  • Demonstration of typical lesions
  • Demonstration of intracellular organisms in mucosal smears
  • Demonstration of organisms in the feces by PCR
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12
Q

What is the Treament for Swine Proliferative Enteritis?

A
  • Whole herd medication with feed additives
    • Tiamulin (150 ppm)
    • Chlortetracycline (400 ppm)
    • Tylosin (100 ppm)
  • Vaccine: An avirulent, like vaccine
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13
Q

What is Equine Proliferative Enteropathy?

A
  • An emerging disease that affects mainly foals of 2 - 8 mo
  • Seasonal: August to January
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Equine Proliferative Enteropthy?

A
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
  • Colic
  • Ventral edema (Jaw, leg, or abdomen)
  • Because of hypoproteinemia
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15
Q

How is Equine Proliferative Enteropathy Diagnosed?

A
  • Abdominal ultasongraphy to visualize thickened intestine
  • PCR detection of the organism in feces
  • Hypoproteinemia (decreased absorption of protein)
  • Lesions:
    • Thickened mucosa of the ileum, near ileo-cecal junction
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16
Q

What is the Treatment for Equine Proliferative Enteropathy?

A
  • Macrolides with Rifampin, Chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline, or Doxycycline administered for 3 weeks
  • Swine Vaccine has been used in horses
17
Q

What are the characteristics of Helicobacter?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Helical shaped rods
  • Microaerophilic
  • Initially 2 species recognized:
    • H. pylori: humans
    • H. mustelae: ferrets
  • Now as many as 45 species
  • Have Multiple Polar Flagella
18
Q

What are the 2 groups of Helicobacter?

A
  • Gastric:
    • Produce urease
    • H. pylori, H. heilmannii, H. mustelae, H. felis, H. suis
  • Enterohepatic:
    • Most do not produce urease
    • Colonize small intestine and liver
    • H. canis, H. hepaticus, H. bilis
19
Q

What is the habitat of Helicobacter?

A
  • Stomach of humans, primates and animals
  • Intestinal tracts of animals
20
Q

What is the habitat of Helicobacter pylori?

A
  • Stomach of humans, primates, dogs, and cats
21
Q

What disease does H. pylori cause?

A
  • Chronic gastritis
  • Gastric and Duodenal ulcers (peptic ulcers)
22
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of H. pylori?

A
  • Infection lasts weeks to months - Chronic Gastritis
  • Infection lasts years:
    • Gastric lymphoma
    • Peptic Ulcers
    • Gastric Adenocarcinoma
23
Q

What are the virulence factors of H. pylori?

A
  • Maintnance factors:
    • Urease
    • Motility
    • Mucinase
  • Pathogenic factors:
    • Adhesins: BapA and HpaA
    • Vacuolating cytotoxin: VacA
    • Neutrophil activating protein (NAP)
24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of H. pylori?

A
  1. H. pylori infect Gastric lumen
  2. Mucinase dissolves mucus
  3. Travels through mucus layer
  4. Binds to receptor on Gastric epithelial cells
  5. Release Urease b
  6. ?reaks down urea
25
Q

How is H. pylori diagnosed?

A
  • Gastric Biopsy
    • Microscopic examination for bacteria, inflammation
    • Urease test
  • Urea breath test
26
Q

How does H. pylori affect cats?

A
  • Feline Isolates have been shown to be genetically similar (99.7%) to human islates
  • Zoonotic or reverse zoonosis?
27
Q

What are the Gastric Helicobacter?

A
  • Helicobacter heilmannii - Stomach of dogs and cats
    • Gastritis in dogs, cats, monkeys, ad humans
  • Helicobacter felis - Stomach of dogs and cats
    • ​Gastritis in dogs and cats
  • Helicobacter mustelae - Stomach of ferrets
    • ​Gastritis and ulcers in adult ferrets
  • Helicobacter bizzozeronii - Cat and Dog
    • Gastritis
  • Helicobacter suis - Pig, mandrill monkey, rhesus macaque
    • Gastritis in pigs
28
Q

What are the Enterohepatic Helicobacter?

A
  • Helicobacter bilis - Mice, rats, dogs, cats, sheep
  • Helicobacter canis - Found in the feces of dogs
    • Multifocal necrotic hepatitis in dogs
  • Helicobacter aurati - Hamster
  • Helicobacter hepaticus - Mice, Gerbils
  • Helicobacter pullorum - Poultry
  • Helicobacter equorum - Horse
29
Q

What is Helicobacter gastritis in Dogs and Cats?

A
  • Persistent intermittent vomiting, sometimes with bile
  • Diagnosis: Gastric biopsy
    • Urease test
    • Spiral organisms
    • Inflammatory changes
30
Q

How is Helicobacter Treated in Cats and Dogs?

A
  • Antibiotics:
    • Tetracyclines
    • Amoxicillin
    • Metronidazole
31
Q

What are Gastric Ulcers in Pigs?

A
  • Lesions:
    • Ranging from parakeratosis to ulcers; Confined to the region around the opening of the esophagus
  • Detected at slaughter
  • Clinical Sign: Anemia
  • Etiology:
    • H. suis
    • Often in association with Fusobacterium gastrosuis

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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