Proteus, Morganella, Yersinia Flashcards
1
Q
What is Proteus
A
- Gram negative
- Rod
- NON-lactose fermenter
- motile with peritrichous flagella
- “swarming” on agar surface
- Urease producer
- Habitat:
- soil, water, intestinal tract of humans and animals
2
Q
What are the species of Proteus?
A
- Swarmer:
- P. mirabilis
- P. vulgaris
- Non-swarmer:
- P. rettgerii
3
Q
What is the Virulence factor of Proteus
A
Urease
4
Q
What diseases does Proteus cause
A
-
P. mirabilis & P. vulgaris
- UTI - dogs, ponies
- Ear infections - Dogs, cats
- Diarrhea in animals
5
Q
What is Morganella morganii?
A
- Gram negative
- Rod
- Facultatively anaerobic
- Does not produce urease
- Cause: Ear and UTI in dogs, cats
6
Q
What isYersinia?
A
- Gram negative
- Rod shaped
- Facultatively anaerobic
- NON-lactose fermenter
- Bipolar staining (safety-pin appearance)
7
Q
What are the important species of Yersinia?
A
- 17 species - 3 important
-
Y. pestis:
- Human plague (& cats)
-
Y. pseudotuberculosis:
- Enterocolitis - humans/animals
- Plague-like disease - guinea pigs
-
Y. enterocolitica:
- Enterocolitis - humans/animals
-
Y. pestis:
8
Q
What is Enteric Yersinia
A
- Caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica
- Common inhabitants of the GI tract
- Suppurative enterocolitis and Mesenteric lymphadenitis
9
Q
What is Enteric Yersinia
A
- Caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica
- Common inhabitants of the GI tract
- Suppurative enterocolitis and Mesenteric lymphadenitis
10
Q
What is Tissue Trophism?
A
- Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues
- Y. pestis: At site of entry
- Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica: Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes
11
Q
What is Yersinia pestis?
A
- Habitat: Rodents, rabbits, squirrels, prairie dogs, other animals
- Distribution: Sporadic parts of Europe and Asia,
- USA: AZ, UT, CO, WA, OR, NM, WY, CA, TX
12
Q
What is the mode of infection of Yersinia pestis?
A
- Flea bites
- Inhalation
- contact with infected or dead animals
- Cat bites
- Ingestion (cats)
13
Q
What is Sylvatic Plague
A
- Plague in Rodents
- Some serve as maintenance hosts
- Transmitted by fleas
14
Q
What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis?
A
- Fraction 1 protein: Capsular
- Capsule: plasmid coded
- LPS: Fever, vascular damage, DIC
- Yersiniobactin: siderophore, located on a PI (goes and gets iron from RBC)
- Toxins
15
Q
What Toxins does Yersinia pestis produce?
A
- Yops: OMP that blocks phagocytosis
- LerV: OMP (outer membrane protein)
- Murine Toxin: phospholipase
- Pesticin: a bacteriocin (peptide)
- Coagulase
- Etc.
16
Q
Why is Iron important to Yersinia?
A
- critically important
- REgulated by High Pathogenicity Island (HP1)
- Cluster of 11 genes
- Yersiniabactin
17
Q
Pathogenesis of Y. pestis
A
18
Q
What are the Plague Pandemics
A
- 542-590: Egypt/Ethiopia
- 100 million deaths
- 1348-1361: Europe/Central Asia/China/India
- 25 million deaths in Europe
- 1894-1904: Burma/China/NA
- 10 million deaths
19
Q
When were the most recent Plague epidemics?
A
- 1994: India - 855 deaths
- 2003: Algeria
- 2005: Yunan, China
- 2017: Madagascar - 202 deaths
20
Q
Why is Yersinia perstis of public health significance?
A
- Zoonotic disease
- Veterinarians and pet owners at risk
- Bioterroristic agent
21
Q
What animals can the Plague infect?
A
- Cats are highly susceptible
- Dogs may get infected, do not develop clinical illness
- Other animals (camels, llamas, sheep, etc) may get infected by flea bites, or forages contaminated with infected rodents.
22
Q
What are the modes of Infection for the Plague in animals
A
- Ingestion of infected rodents
- Rodent bites
- Fleas
23
Q
What is the Feline Plague
A
- 3 forms: Bubonic, Septicemic, Pneumonic
- Clinical signs:
- Fever, depression, anorexia
- Swollen lymph nodes (submandibular)
24
Q
How to treat Feline Plague
A
- Bubonic form may respond to antibiotic therapy
- Aminoglycosides
- Tetracyclines or Chloramphenicol
25
Q
How to control Feline Plague
A
- Control fleas/rodents
- Quarantine supected/infected animals
- Necropsy NOT recommended
26
Q
What is Enteric Yersiniosis?
A
- Enterocolitis and lymphadenitis
- More common in sheep, goats, and cattle
- Dogs/cats relatively resistant
- Frequently isolated from feces of normal animals
- Stress is a predisposing factor
- Jejunum and Ileum most frequently affected
- Clinical sign: Diarrhea No blood
- Enterocolitis
- May become systemic (miliary abscesses)
27
Q
What is the habitat of Y. enterocolitica?
A
- GI tract and lymph nodes of animals (Pigs)
- Tonsils of healthy pigs
- Prevalence: 25-80%
28
Q
What is Y. pseudotuberculosis?
A
- Plague-like disease in guinea pigs and lab rats, minks and chinchillas
- Generalized nodular abscesses
- Psychrotroph: 0-44C
- Optimum 32-34C
- 300 cells can grow to billon in 7 days in the fridge
29
Q
What are Y. enterocolitica infections in humans?
A
- Enterocolitis in humans (food borne)
- Ileitis: mucosal ulcers and lymphadenitis
- Incubation: 24-36 hours
- Signs:
- Abdominal pain, fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea
- more severe in children and young adults
30
Q
What is Y. rukeri
A
- Fish pathogen
- Enteric “Red mouth” disease
- subcutaneous hemorrhage around the mouth
31
Q
What is CRE/CPE?
A
- Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
- Carbapenamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
- Carbapenems:
- Beta-lactams
- Imipenem & Meropenem
- Broad spectrum activity
- Not approved for animal use
- extra-label use in dogs and cats
32
Q
What is CRE
A
- Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
- Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas
- Resistant to carbapenems and other beta-lactams
- Carried on plasmid, hence transferable
33
Q
Why is CRE important?
A
- Invasive infections (mortality 40-50%)
- Most infections are hospital-associated
- Resistant to many antimicrobials (“Pan-resistant”)
33
Q
Why is CRE important?
A
- Invasive infections (mortality 40-50%)
- Most infections are hospital-associated
- Resistant to many antimicrobials (“Pan-resistant”)
34
Q
What is the mechanism of Resistance for CREs?
A
- Produce carbapenemase (CP-CRE; KPC)
- Other Beta-lactamase enzymes
- Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases
- New Delhi Metalloenzyme (NDM-1)
