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Bacteriology and Mycology > Proteus, Morganella, Yersinia > Flashcards

Proteus, Morganella, Yersinia Flashcards

1
Q

What is Proteus

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rod
  • NON-lactose fermenter
  • motile with peritrichous flagella
  • “swarming” on agar surface
  • Urease producer
  • Habitat:
    • soil, water, intestinal tract of humans and animals
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2
Q

What are the species of Proteus?

A
  • Swarmer:
    • P. mirabilis
    • P. vulgaris
  • Non-swarmer:
    • P. rettgerii
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3
Q

What is the Virulence factor of Proteus

A

Urease

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4
Q

What diseases does Proteus cause

A
  • P. mirabilis & P. vulgaris
    • UTI - dogs, ponies
    • Ear infections - Dogs, cats
    • Diarrhea in animals
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5
Q

What is Morganella morganii?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rod
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • Does not produce urease
  • Cause: Ear and UTI in dogs, cats
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6
Q

What isYersinia?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rod shaped
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • NON-lactose fermenter
  • Bipolar staining (safety-pin appearance)
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7
Q

What are the important species of Yersinia?

A
  • 17 species - 3 important
    • Y. pestis:
      • Human plague (& cats)
    • Y. pseudotuberculosis:
      • Enterocolitis - humans/animals
      • Plague-like disease - guinea pigs
    • Y. enterocolitica:
      • Enterocolitis - humans/animals
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8
Q

What is Enteric Yersinia

A
  • Caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica
    • Common inhabitants of the GI tract
  • Suppurative enterocolitis and Mesenteric lymphadenitis
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9
Q

What is Enteric Yersinia

A
  • Caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica
    • Common inhabitants of the GI tract
  • Suppurative enterocolitis and Mesenteric lymphadenitis
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10
Q

What is Tissue Trophism?

A
  • Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues
    • Y. pestis: At site of entry
    • Y. pseudotuberculosis & Y. enterocolitica: Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes
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11
Q

What is Yersinia pestis?

A
  • Habitat: Rodents, rabbits, squirrels, prairie dogs, other animals
  • Distribution: Sporadic parts of Europe and Asia,
  • USA: AZ, UT, CO, WA, OR, NM, WY, CA, TX
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12
Q

What is the mode of infection of Yersinia pestis?

A
  • Flea bites
  • Inhalation
    • contact with infected or dead animals
  • Cat bites
  • Ingestion (cats)
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13
Q

What is Sylvatic Plague

A
  • Plague in Rodents
  • Some serve as maintenance hosts
  • Transmitted by fleas
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14
Q

What are the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis?

A
  • Fraction 1 protein: Capsular
  • Capsule: plasmid coded
  • LPS: Fever, vascular damage, DIC
  • Yersiniobactin: siderophore, located on a PI (goes and gets iron from RBC)
  • Toxins
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15
Q

What Toxins does Yersinia pestis produce?

A
  • Yops: OMP that blocks phagocytosis
  • LerV: OMP (outer membrane protein)
  • Murine Toxin: phospholipase
  • Pesticin: a bacteriocin (peptide)
  • Coagulase
  • Etc.
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16
Q

Why is Iron important to Yersinia?

A
  • critically important
  • REgulated by High Pathogenicity Island (HP1)
    • Cluster of 11 genes
  • Yersiniabactin
17
Q

Pathogenesis of Y. pestis

A
18
Q

What are the Plague Pandemics

A
  • 542-590: Egypt/Ethiopia
    • 100 million deaths
  • 1348-1361: Europe/Central Asia/China/India
    • 25 million deaths in Europe
  • 1894-1904: Burma/China/NA
    • 10 million deaths
19
Q

When were the most recent Plague epidemics?

A
  • 1994: India - 855 deaths
  • 2003: Algeria
  • 2005: Yunan, China
  • 2017: Madagascar - 202 deaths
20
Q

Why is Yersinia perstis of public health significance?

A
  • Zoonotic disease
    • Veterinarians and pet owners at risk
  • Bioterroristic agent
21
Q

What animals can the Plague infect?

A
  • Cats are highly susceptible
  • Dogs may get infected, do not develop clinical illness
  • Other animals (camels, llamas, sheep, etc) may get infected by flea bites, or forages contaminated with infected rodents.
22
Q

What are the modes of Infection for the Plague in animals

A
  • Ingestion of infected rodents
  • Rodent bites
  • Fleas
23
Q

What is the Feline Plague

A
  • 3 forms: Bubonic, Septicemic, Pneumonic
  • Clinical signs:
    • Fever, depression, anorexia
    • Swollen lymph nodes (submandibular)
24
Q

How to treat Feline Plague

A
  • Bubonic form may respond to antibiotic therapy
    • Aminoglycosides
    • Tetracyclines or Chloramphenicol
25
Q

How to control Feline Plague

A
  • Control fleas/rodents
  • Quarantine supected/infected animals
  • Necropsy NOT recommended
26
Q

What is Enteric Yersiniosis?

A
  • Enterocolitis and lymphadenitis
  • More common in sheep, goats, and cattle
  • Dogs/cats relatively resistant
  • Frequently isolated from feces of normal animals
  • Stress is a predisposing factor
  • Jejunum and Ileum most frequently affected
  • Clinical sign: Diarrhea No blood
    • Enterocolitis
  • May become systemic (miliary abscesses)
27
Q

What is the habitat of Y. enterocolitica?

A
  • GI tract and lymph nodes of animals (Pigs)
    • Tonsils of healthy pigs
  • Prevalence: 25-80%
28
Q

What is Y. pseudotuberculosis?

A
  • Plague-like disease in guinea pigs and lab rats, minks and chinchillas
  • Generalized nodular abscesses
  • Psychrotroph: 0-44C
    • Optimum 32-34C
    • 300 cells can grow to billon in 7 days in the fridge
29
Q

What are Y. enterocolitica infections in humans?

A
  • Enterocolitis in humans (food borne)
  • Ileitis: mucosal ulcers and lymphadenitis
  • Incubation: 24-36 hours
  • Signs:
    • Abdominal pain, fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea
  • more severe in children and young adults
30
Q

What is Y. rukeri

A
  • Fish pathogen
  • Enteric “Red mouth” disease
    • subcutaneous hemorrhage around the mouth
31
Q

What is CRE/CPE?

A
  • Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
  • Carbapenamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
  • Carbapenems:
    • Beta-lactams
    • Imipenem & Meropenem
    • Broad spectrum activity
    • Not approved for animal use
      • extra-label use in dogs and cats
32
Q

What is CRE

A
  • Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
  • Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas
  • Resistant to carbapenems and other beta-lactams
  • Carried on plasmid, hence transferable
33
Q

Why is CRE important?

A
  • Invasive infections (mortality 40-50%)
  • Most infections are hospital-associated
  • Resistant to many antimicrobials (“Pan-resistant”)
33
Q

Why is CRE important?

A
  • Invasive infections (mortality 40-50%)
  • Most infections are hospital-associated
  • Resistant to many antimicrobials (“Pan-resistant”)
34
Q

What is the mechanism of Resistance for CREs?

A
  • Produce carbapenemase (CP-CRE; KPC)
  • Other Beta-lactamase enzymes
    • Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases
    • New Delhi Metalloenzyme (NDM-1)

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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