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Bacteriology and Mycology > Campylobacter > Flashcards

Campylobacter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Campylobacter and Vibrio?

A
  • Gram negatie
  • Curved Rods
  • Microaerophilic
  • Non-fermentative
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2
Q

What is Vibrio cholerae?

A
  • Causes Cholera
  • Most common infectious disease in developing countries
  • Produces enterotoxin
  • Diarrhea and death because of dehydration
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3
Q

What is Vibrio parahaemolyticus?

A
  • Marine organism
  • Halophili organism:
    • Grows at high salt concentrations
  • Major cause of gastroenteritis in Japan
    • Sushi!
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4
Q

What is Vibrio vulnificus?

A
  • Habitat: Salt water - Halophilic
  • Associated with shell fish (Oysters, Clams, Crabs)
  • Food borne pathogen
  • Wound infection; cellulitis, gastroenteritis
  • Skin or flesh-eating bacteria
  • Immunocompromised people: Septicemia
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5
Q

What is Campylobacter?

A
  • Gram negative and “curved” rods
  • Microaerophilic (less O2)
  • Nonfermentive and oxidase positive
  • Habitat: Reproductive tracts, intstinal tracts and oral cavities of humans and animals
  • Seagul wing shape
  • 23 species
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6
Q

What are the Pathogenic species of Campylobacter?

A
  • Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
  • Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Campylobacter coli
  • Campylobacter lari
  • Campylobacter hepaticus
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7
Q

Which Campylobacter are thermophilic?

A
  • C. jejuni
  • C. coli
  • C. lari
  • (Not C. fetus fetus, or C. fetus venerealis
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8
Q

What is C. fetus venrealis?

A
  • Causes early embryonic death and transient infertility in cattle
    • Occasionally abortion
  • Resides in the reproductive tract (preputial crypts of bulls and vagina of cows) of cattle.
  • Does not reside in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Venereal transmission
  • Host: Cattle
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9
Q

What is Campylbacter fetus fetus?

A
  • Causes abortion in sheep
  • Causes sporadic abortion in cattle
  • Causes intestinal infections in humans
  • Resides in human or animal gastrointestinal tract, including fall bladder
  • Oral Transmission
  • Hosts: Humans, Cattle, Sheep
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10
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of Campylobacter?

A
  • Somatic O: LPS, Heat Stable
  • Flagellar H: Protein, Heat Labile
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11
Q

What are the Virulence factors of Campylobacter?

A
  • Endotoxin: LPS
    • Responsible for abortion
  • Surface array proteins:
    • Imparts antiphagocytic property
    • Responsible for systemic infections
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12
Q

What is the habitat for C. fetus ss. venerealis?

A
  • Obligate parasite of the bovine reproductive tract
  • In infecteed animals:
    • Cows: Vaginal mucus
    • Bulls: Prepuce, Semen
    • Fetus: Placenta, Fetal tissues
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13
Q

What is the mode of infection for C. fetus ss. venerealis?

A
  • Venereal
  • AI
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14
Q

What disease does C. fetus ss. venerealis cause?

A
  • Campylobacteriosis
    • Cows - Infertility (repeat breeding)
    • Bulls - Asymptomatic
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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter?

A
  1. Campylobacter in cervicovaginal mucus
  2. Endometritis and salphingitis (Rarely results in abortion)
  3. Embryonic death and resorption / Delayed estrus (repeat breeding)
  4. Infertility for up to 5 months
  5. Protective immunity
    • IgA and IgG mediated
  6. Recovery from infertility
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16
Q

What symptoms does Campylobacteriosis cause?

A
  • Endometritis and Salphingitis: Infertility
  • Abortion (<10%; 5 or 6 mo)
    • effects of endotoxin
17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis in Cows?

A
  • Period between estrus is extended
  • Reduced conception rate (Repeat breeder)
  • Generally no vaginal discharge
  • Infected animals develop immunity and clear the organism
18
Q

What are the Clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis in Bulls?

A
  • Younger bulls (<3 yrs) are less susceptible
  • Infection involves the penis and the prepuce
  • Clinically not apparent
19
Q

How is campylobacteriosis Diagnosed?

A
  • Direct Microscopy (Phase of contrast):
    • Cotyledons of the placenta
    • Fetal stomach contents
      • Fluorescent antibody test)
  • Cultural techniques:
    • Cows: mucus
    • Bulls: preputial washings or semen
    • Fetus: Stomach contents, heart, blood, amniotic fluid
  • PCR based assays to identify species and subspecies
  • Serology:
    • Mucus agglutination test
    • ELISA to detect IgA
20
Q

How is Campylobacteriosis Treated?

A
  • Antibiotics: Tetracyclines
    • Uterine or preputial irrigation, inclusion in semen for AI
    • In the feed or injection
21
Q

Is there a vaccine for Campylobacteriosis?

A
  • Self limiting infection
  • Bacterin: Bulls and heifers vaccinated 2x
    • 2 to 4 weeks apart, at least 30 days before breeding
22
Q

What are the serovars of C. fetus ss. fetus?

A
  • Somatic O and Surface Proteins
    • O Antigen: A2 and B
    • Protein antigens: 5 types (1 - 5)
      • 1 & 5 most common
23
Q

What is the mode of Transmission for C. fetus fetus?

A
  • Ingestion - carried in the intestines and gall bladder
24
Q

What diseases are caused by C. fetus fetus?

A
  • Sporadic abortion in cattle
  • Enzootic abortion in sheep
25
Q

What does C. fetus fetus abortion look like in Sheep?

A
  • Outbreaks are ofte cyclic
  • Often occurs duringhigh-intesity grazing in winter
  • Abortion storms (>50%)
  • Signs:
    • Abortion late in pregnancy
    • blood stained perineum
    • No systemic effects
26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of C. fetus fetus?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Blood (bacteremia)
  3. Placenta (Placentitis)
  4. Abortion - late term
27
Q

What lesions are seen with C. fetus fetus abortions?

A
  • Cotyledons are edematous
  • Fetal liver:
    • Focal areas of necrosis (Target- or donut-shaped)
      • often with reddened margins
28
Q

How is C. fetus fetus diagnosed?

A
  • Direct Microscopy:
    • Cotylydons of the placenta
    • Fetal stomach contents
  • Cultural techniques
    • Fetus: stomach contents, heart, blood, amniotic fluid
  • Necropsy:
    • Lesions in the fetal liver
29
Q

What is the treatment for C. fetus fetus?

A
  • Tetracyclines in abortion outbreaks
  • Chlortetracycline in the feed to eliminate carriers
30
Q

Are there vaccines for C. fetus fetus?

A
  • Serospecific bacterins:
    • Vaccination should be done prior to the outbreak
31
Q

What is Campylobactr jejuni?

A
  • Norml gut fora in animals and humans (Mainly chickens and cattle)
  • Abortions in sheep
  • Enteritis in piglets, calves, lambs, dogs, and cats
  • Mastitis in dairy cows
  • Enteritis in humans - Foodborne
32
Q

What is Campylobacter coli?

A
  • Normal gut flora in animalsand humans (mainly swine)
  • Rarely enteritis in animals
  • Enteritis in humans - food borne
33
Q

What are the Virulence factors of C. coli / jejuni?

A
  • Flagella and adhesin (69-kDa protein)
    • Colonization of the mucus
  • 28 to 42 kDA proteins
    • Invasiveness
  • Enterotoxin:
    • Heat labile
    • similar to CT or LT - activates adenylate cyclase
  • Cytotoxin
    • Heat labile
34
Q

What diseases does C. coli / jejuni casue?

A
  • In horses, cattle, sheep, Goats:
    • Enteritis, Mastitis, Abortion
  • In pigs and Chickens:
    • Enteritis
  • In Dogs and cats:
    • Enteritis and abortion
  • Self limiting infection
35
Q

What is Capylobacter hepaticus?

A
  • New species
  • Significant drop in egg production
  • High mortality
  • Disease: Spotty liver Disease
    • Most often seen chickens raised on floors, rather than cages
    • Organism can be isolated from livers with lesion and from bile
    • A species specific PCR assay has been published
  • No Vaccine available
36
Q

What is Campylobacteriosis in humans?

A
  • Gastroenteritis
  • One of the top two foodborne pathogens in the U.S
  • C. jejuni: Chicken Milk (raw)
  • C. coli: Swine
37
Q

What are some Food borne pathogens?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (O157: H7)
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Cronobacter sakazaki
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Brucella melitnsis
  • Vibrio vulnificus
  • Campylobacter jejuni, coli

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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