Campylobacter Flashcards by Alyssa Sorum

What are the characteristics of Campylobacter and Vibrio?

Gram negatie
Curved Rods
Microaerophilic
Non-fermentative

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What is Vibrio cholerae?

Causes Cholera
Most common infectious disease in developing countries
Produces enterotoxin
Diarrhea and death because of dehydration

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What is Vibrio parahaemolyticus?

Marine organism
Halophili organism:
- Grows at high salt concentrations
Major cause of gastroenteritis in Japan
- Sushi!

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What is Vibrio vulnificus?

Habitat: Salt water - Halophilic
Associated with shell fish (Oysters, Clams, Crabs)
Food borne pathogen
Wound infection; cellulitis, gastroenteritis
Skin or flesh-eating bacteria
Immunocompromised people: Septicemia

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What is Campylobacter?

Gram negative and “curved” rods
Microaerophilic (less O₂)
Nonfermentive and oxidase positive
Habitat: Reproductive tracts, intstinal tracts and oral cavities of humans and animals
Seagul wing shape
23 species

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What are the Pathogenic species of Campylobacter?

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter lari
Campylobacter hepaticus

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Which Campylobacter are thermophilic?

C. jejuni
C. coli
C. lari
(Not C. fetus fetus, or C. fetus venerealis

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What is C. fetus venrealis?

Causes early embryonic death and transient infertility in cattle
- Occasionally abortion
Resides in the reproductive tract (preputial crypts of bulls and vagina of cows) of cattle.
Does not reside in the gastrointestinal tract
Venereal transmission
Host: Cattle

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What is Campylbacter fetus fetus?

Causes abortion in sheep
Causes sporadic abortion in cattle
Causes intestinal infections in humans
Resides in human or animal gastrointestinal tract, including fall bladder
Oral Transmission
Hosts: Humans, Cattle, Sheep

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What are the antigenic characteristics of Campylobacter?

Somatic O: LPS, Heat Stable
Flagellar H: Protein, Heat Labile

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What are the Virulence factors of Campylobacter?

Endotoxin: LPS
- Responsible for abortion
Surface array proteins:
- Imparts antiphagocytic property
- Responsible for systemic infections

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What is the habitat for C. fetus ss. venerealis?

Obligate parasite of the bovine reproductive tract
In infecteed animals:
- Cows: Vaginal mucus
- Bulls: Prepuce, Semen
- Fetus: Placenta, Fetal tissues

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What is the mode of infection for C. fetus ss. venerealis?

Venereal
AI

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What disease does C. fetus ss. venerealis cause?

Campylobacteriosis
- Cows - Infertility (repeat breeding)
- Bulls - Asymptomatic

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What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter?

Campylobacter in cervicovaginal mucus
Endometritis and salphingitis (Rarely results in abortion)
Embryonic death and resorption / Delayed estrus (repeat breeding)
Infertility for up to 5 months
Protective immunity
- IgA and IgG mediated
Recovery from infertility

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What symptoms does Campylobacteriosis cause?

Endometritis and Salphingitis: Infertility
Abortion (<10%; 5 or 6 mo)
- effects of endotoxin

What are the clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis in Cows?

Period between estrus is extended
Reduced conception rate (Repeat breeder)
Generally no vaginal discharge
Infected animals develop immunity and clear the organism

What are the Clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis in Bulls?

Younger bulls (<3 yrs) are less susceptible
Infection involves the penis and the prepuce
Clinically not apparent

How is campylobacteriosis Diagnosed?

Direct Microscopy (Phase of contrast):
- Cotyledons of the placenta
- Fetal stomach contents
  - Fluorescent antibody test)
Cultural techniques:
- Cows: mucus
- Bulls: preputial washings or semen
- Fetus: Stomach contents, heart, blood, amniotic fluid
PCR based assays to identify species and subspecies
Serology:
- Mucus agglutination test
- ELISA to detect IgA

How is Campylobacteriosis Treated?

Antibiotics: Tetracyclines
- Uterine or preputial irrigation, inclusion in semen for AI
- In the feed or injection

Is there a vaccine for Campylobacteriosis?

Self limiting infection
Bacterin: Bulls and heifers vaccinated 2x
- 2 to 4 weeks apart, at least 30 days before breeding

What are the serovars of C. fetus ss. fetus?

Somatic O and Surface Proteins
- O Antigen: A2 and B
- Protein antigens: 5 types (1 - 5)
  - 1 & 5 most common

What is the mode of Transmission for C. fetus fetus?

Ingestion - carried in the intestines and gall bladder

What diseases are caused by C. fetus fetus?

Sporadic abortion in cattle
Enzootic abortion in sheep

What does *C. fetus fetus* abortion look like in Sheep?

* Outbreaks are ofte cyclic * Often occurs duringhigh-intesity grazing in winter * Abortion storms (\>50%) * Signs: * Abortion late in pregnancy * blood stained perineum * No systemic effects

What is the pathogenesis of *C. fetus fetus?*

1. Ingestion 2. Blood (bacteremia) 3. Placenta (Placentitis) 4. Abortion - late term

What lesions are seen with *C. fetus fetus* abortions?

* Cotyledons are edematous * Fetal liver: * Focal areas of necrosis (Target- or donut-shaped) * often with reddened margins

How is *C. fetus fetus* diagnosed?

* Direct Microscopy: * Cotylydons of the placenta * Fetal stomach contents * Cultural techniques * Fetus: stomach contents, heart, blood, amniotic fluid * Necropsy: * Lesions in the fetal liver

What is the treatment for *C. fetus fetus?*

* Tetracyclines in abortion outbreaks * Chlortetracycline in the feed to eliminate carriers

Are there vaccines for *C. fetus fetus?*

* Serospecific bacterins: * Vaccination should be done prior to the outbreak

What is *Campylobactr jejuni?*

* Norml gut fora in animals and humans (Mainly chickens and cattle) * Abortions in sheep * Enteritis in piglets, calves, lambs, dogs, and cats * Mastitis in dairy cows * Enteritis in humans - Foodborne

What is *Campylobacter coli?*

* Normal gut flora in animalsand humans (mainly swine) * Rarely enteritis in animals * Enteritis in humans - food borne

What are the Virulence factors of *C. coli / jejuni?*

* **Flagella and adhesin** (69-kDa protein) * Colonization of the mucus * 28 to 42 kDA proteins * Invasiveness * **Enterotoxin:** * Heat labile * similar to CT or LT - activates adenylate cyclase * Cytotoxin * Heat labile

What diseases does *C. coli / jejuni* casue?

* In horses, cattle, sheep, Goats: * Enteritis, Mastitis, Abortion * In pigs and Chickens: * Enteritis * In Dogs and cats: * Enteritis and abortion * Self limiting infection

What is *Capylobacter hepaticus?*

* New species * Significant drop in egg production * High mortality * Disease: Spotty liver Disease * Most often seen chickens raised on floors, rather than cages * Organism can be isolated from livers with lesion and from bile * A species specific PCR assay has been published * No Vaccine available

What is Campylobacteriosis in humans?

* Gastroenteritis * One of the top two foodborne pathogens in the U.S * *C. jejuni:* Chicken Milk (raw) * *C. coli:* Swine

What are some Food borne pathogens?

* *Staphylococcus aureus* * Shiga toxin-producing *E. coli* (O157: H7) * *Salmonella enterica* * *Cronobacter sakazaki* * *Yersinia enterocolitica* * *Clostridium botulinum* * *Clostridium perfringens* * *Brucella melitnsis* * *Vibrio vulnificus* * *Campylobacter jejuni, coli*