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Bacteriology and Mycology > Klebsiella/Enterobacter/Serratia > Flashcards

Klebsiella/Enterobacter/Serratia Flashcards

1
Q

What is Klebsiella?

A
  • 2 species:
    • K. pneumoniae
    • K. aerogenes
  • Gram negative
  • rods
  • facultative anaerobic
  • Lactose fermenter
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2
Q

What is Klebsiella pneumoniae

A
  • Thick capsule
  • Mucoid colony
  • Habitat:
    • soil, water, Intestines of humans and animals, Wood shavings/saw dust, Repro tracts of carrier animals
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3
Q

What diseases does K. pneumoniae infections cause?

A
  • Humans:
    • Major Nosocomial Pathogen (MDR)
    • ‘ESKAPE’ pathogen
    • Pneumonia, UTI, Meningitis
  • Animals:
    • Opportunistic pathogen
    • Mastitis - Cows
    • UTI - dogs
    • Vaginitis - dogs
    • Metritis - Mares
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4
Q

What are the Antigenic Characteristics of K. pneumoniae?

A
  • O- antigen: LPS, 11 types
  • K-antigen: Capsular polysaccharide
    • 80+ types
    • K1, K2, etc.
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5
Q

What is the mode of infection of K. pneumoniae?

A
  • Direct contact with contaminated materials
  • Breeding stallions may become carriers
  • Cows: milking machine, bedding, etc.
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5
Q

What are the modes of infection for K. pneumoniae?

A
  • Direct contact with contaminated materials
  • Breeding stallions may become carriers
  • Cows: milking machines, bedding, etc.
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6
Q

What are the virulence factors of K. pneumoniae

A
  • Endotoxin
  • Capsule
  • Urease
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7
Q

How is Urease a Virulence Factor?

A
  • Converts Urea to Ammonia and CO2
    • Increases Urine pH
    • Irritates the mucus membranes in the ureters, bladder, and urethra
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8
Q

What are the control measures for K. pneumoniae

A
  • Sanitation and management
  • Antibiotic treatment
  • NO vaccine available
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9
Q

What is Klebsiella aerogenes

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rods
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • Lactose fermenter
  • Habitat:
    • soil, water, Intestinal tracts of human and animals
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10
Q

What diseases does K. aerogenes cause?

A
  • Mastitis - Cows (Coliform)
  • UTI - Dog
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11
Q

What is Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)?

A
  • A type of beta-lactamase
  • High mortality because of MDR
  • Limited option for treatment: Colistin, tigecycline
  • Unwell creatures are more likely to get infected
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12
Q

What are the species of Enterobacter?

A
  • E. cloacae
  • E. gergoviae
  • E. agglomerans
  • E. sakazaki:
    • Cronobacter sakazaki
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13
Q

What is Cronobacter sakazaki?

A
  • Opportunistic and emerging food borne pathogen
  • Mainly infants:
    • meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Source: contaminated baby formula
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14
Q

What is Serratia marcesens

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rod shaped
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • NON-lactose fermenter
  • RED pigmentation
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15
Q

What diseases does S. marcescens cause?

A
  • Rarely reported
  • Mastitis - cows
  • UTI
  • Ear infections
  • Septicemia - Chickens
16
Q

Why is Bovine Mastitis important?

A
  • Common infectious disease of dairy cows
  • Economically significant problem to the dairy industry
  • More than 100 microbial species have been isolated from the infected mammary gland
    • bacteria, fungi, viruses
17
Q

What are the top 5 causes of Bovine Mastitis

A
  • All bacterial pathogens:
    • S. aureus
    • S. glactiae
    • S. dysgalactiae
    • S. uberis
    • E. coli/K. pneumoniae/K. aerogenes (Coliform)
17
Q

What are the top 5 causes of Bovine Mastitis

A
  • All bacterial pathogens:
    • S. aureus
    • S. glactiae
    • S. dysgalactiae
    • S. uberis
    • E. coli/K. pneumoniae/K. aerogenes (Coliform)
18
Q

What are the top 5 causes of Bovine Mastitis

A
  • All bacterial pathogens:
    • S. aureus
    • S. glactiae
    • S. dysgalactiae
    • S. uberis
    • E. coli/K. pneumoniae/K. aerogenes (Coliform)
19
Q

What are the modes of infection for Bovine Mastitis?

A
  • Via the teat canal
  • Exceptions: via blood
    • Mycoplasma
    • Brucella
20
Q

How is Bovine Mastitis Catagorized?

A
  • Based on primary reservoir of infection and mode of transmission
    • Contagious or environmental
    • Provides a reasonable basis for investigating risk factors and initiating control measures
21
Q

What is Contagious Mastitis?

A
  • Infected mammary glands are primary reservoirs
  • S. aureus, S. agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis are major pathogens
  • Transmission occurs from direct contact of infected milk with a teat of an uninfected gland.
  • Milking equipment, hands, and towels used to wash/dry teats are also a source
    *
22
Q

How to prevent Contagious Mastitis?

A
  • Postmilking germicidal (iodine-based dips) teat disinfection (post dipping) kills pathogens deposited on the teat skin during the milking process
  • Antibiotic treatment of dry cows (dry cow therapy) is an effective way
22
Q

How to prevent Contagious Mastitis?

A
  • Postmilking germicidal (iodine-based dips) teat disinfection (post dipping) kills pathogens deposited on the teat skin during the milking process
  • Antibiotic treatment of dry cows (dry cow therapy) is an effective way
23
Q

What is Environmental Mastitis?

A
  • The predominant reservoir is the environment
  • Common sources of infection are feces, bedding, soil, and water
  • Transmission occurs when teats become contaminated with environmental pathogens between milking or during milking time
  • E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis are causative agents
24
Q

How do you control Environmental mastitis?

A
  • Reduce exposure of teats to environmental pathogens
  • Premilking germicidal teat disinfection (pre-dipping)
  • Washing the teats with water containing a sanitizing solution
  • Keeping the teats clean and dry before attaching milking machines
  • Frequent removal of manure from lots
  • Limiting access to wet/muddy areas
  • Avoiding over stoking
  • Appropriately designed stalls
  • managing bedding
  • Good udder hygiene practices in the milking parlor

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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