Histotoxic Clostridium Flashcards
1
Q
What are the Histotoxic Clostridium?
A
- C. haemolyticum
- C. novyi
- C. chauvoei
- C. septicum
- C. sordellii
- C. villosum
- C. sporogenes
2
Q
What is C. haemolyticum?
A
- Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water disease) in cattle
- Occurs in summer and early fall
- Observed in pasture cattle
- Endemic in liver fluke areas
- High mortality rate (90 - 95%)
- Virulence factor:
- Beta toxin (Phospholipase C, hemolytic and necrotizing
3
Q
What is the pathogeneis of C. haemolyticum?
A
- Ingestion of spores (intestines)
- Blood
- Liver (Damage by liver flukes)
- Germination of the spores
- Toxin B production
- Blood (hemolysis)
4
Q
What are the clinial signs of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?
A
- Fever
- Depression
- Arched back
- Abdomen tucked up
- Reluctant to move
- Bloody feces
- Hemoglobinuria
- Lesions: Hemorrhages throughout, Large hepatic infarcts
5
Q
How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria diagnosed?
A
- Phospholipase C in liver
6
Q
How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria treated?
A
- Antiserum
- Antibiotics (Penicillin or tetracylines)
- Blood transfusions
- Fluid therapy
7
Q
How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Prevented?
A
- Elimination of liver flukes through the destruction of carrier snails
- Bacterins (in endemic areas)
8
Q
What ae the types of Clostridium novyi?
A
- Type A:
- Gas gangrene - Sheep and Cattle
- Big Head Disease - Rams
- Post-parturient gas gangrene - Cattle
- Type B:
- Infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black disease) - Sheep and cattle
9
Q
What is Gas Gangrene?
A
- Polymicrobial infection:
- C. novyi type A, C. perfringens type A, C. chauvoei, C. septicum, and C. sordellii
- Mode of infection::
- Wounds contaminated with soil
- In procedures like injections, shearing, castration, dehorning
- Big head disease in rams
- Post-parturient gas gngrene in cows
- Vulvo-vaginitis and Metritis
10
Q
What is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disese)?
A
- Casued by C. novyi Type B
- Major Toxin is Alpha
- Adult sheep and occasionally cattle
- Ingestion of spores → Liver
- Liver fluke damage leads to necrosis, spore germination, bacterial growth, toxin production
11
Q
What are the clinical signs of Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?
A
- Sudden death
- Nonspecific signs - fever, anorexia,
- No hemoglobinuria
12
Q
What lesions are seen in Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?
A
- Necrotic areas in the liver
- Hemorrhagic subcutaneous edema and congestion results in blackening of the carcs surface
13
Q
How is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis prevented?
A
- Bacterin
- Fluke control
14
Q
What is Clostridium chauvoei?
A
- Cause Black leg in cattle, sheep, and wild ruminants
- Other names: Black quarter; Quarter Evil; Symptomatic Anthrax
- Affects cattle between 6 mo - 2 years
- Virulence fctors: CctA, Cytolysins, hyaluronidase, DNAse, Neuramindase, etc
15
Q
What is the Pathogenesis of Black Leg?
A
- Ingestion of spores
- Intestines
- blood
- Liver and Muscle Damage (anaerobioss)
- Germination of the spores
- Toxin productino (Alpha mainly)
16
Q
What is Black Leg?
A
- Common in muscles of one or more legs
- Swelling of the affected area
- Large amount of emphysema (gas) in musculature - Crepitation
- Affected muscles may slough off
17
Q
How is Black Leg treated and controlled?
A
- Penicillin or antitoxin
- Control:
- Deep burial or burning of carcass to limit soil contamination with spores
- Bacerin Vaccine available
18
Q
What diseased does Clostridium septicum cause?
A
- Gas Gangrene (Malignant Edema)
- Wound infection in cttle, sheep, swine, and horses
- Hemorrhagic abomasitis (Braxy) of weaned to yearling sheep
- Abomasitis in calves: C. perfringens Type A; Sarcinia ventriculi
19
Q
What is Hemorrhagic Abomasitis?
A
- Associated with frozen succulent feed
- Penetrating wound to the abomasum with ulceration
- Edema, hemorrhage, necrosi of the mucosa and submucosa
- Sudden death. NO clinical signs
20
Q
How is Hemorrhagic Abomasitis Treated and prevented?
A
- Penicillin, Tetracyclines, antiserum
- Prevention: Bacterins
21
Q
What diseases does Clostridium sordellii cause?
A
- Gas gangrene in cattle
- Necrotic enteritis in cattle and foals
- Edema is prominent
- Bacterin Vaccine available
22
Q
What is Clostridium villosum?
A
- Member of the oral flora of cats
- Associatd with bite wund abscesses
- Suppuratie infections
23
Q
What are Clostridial Vaccines?
A
- Bacterins and/or Toxoids
- Single vaccine usually covers multiple clostridial species
- 2-8 species or types, including C. tetani, in a single vaccine
- Booster dose required within 3-6 weeks for best protection
- For necrotic eneritis, vaccination strategies target the pregnant dam so that immuity is tranffered to the neonate by colostrum
- Tetanus toxoid is commonly used as a single vaccine in hoses
- Oftn used in combo with other clostridial antigens in cattle, sheep and goats
24
Q
What is a multiway clostridial vaccine?
A
- 2-8 species or types, including C. tetani, in a single vaccine
- 2- way to 8-way vaccines
- Ex: 7-way vaccine (Clostri Shield 7 - Elanco)
- Prevention of:
- Blackleg C. chauvoei
- Malignant edema C. septicum
- Black diesase C. novyi
- Gas gangrene C. sordellii
- Enterotoxemia C.perfringens Types B, C, D
- Prevention of:
25
Q
What is Clostridium sporongenes?
A
- Causes “Polioencephalomalacia” Cerebrocortical necrosis
- Grows in silage and in spoiled feed
- Produces thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamin
26
Q
What is Polioencephalomalacia?
A
- Acute thiamin deficiency
- Affects CNS
- Signs:
- listlessness
- circling
- muscular incoordination
- blindness
- convulsion
- death
- Treatment:
- Thiamin injections (IV/IM)
- Also enterotoxemaia in rabbits
