Histotoxic Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Histotoxic Clostridium?

A
  • C. haemolyticum
  • C. novyi
  • C. chauvoei
  • C. septicum
  • C. sordellii
  • C. villosum
  • C. sporogenes
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2
Q

What is C. haemolyticum?

A
  • Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water disease) in cattle
  • Occurs in summer and early fall
  • Observed in pasture cattle
  • Endemic in liver fluke areas
  • High mortality rate (90 - 95%)
  • Virulence factor:
    • Beta toxin (Phospholipase C, hemolytic and necrotizing
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3
Q

What is the pathogeneis of C. haemolyticum?

A
  1. Ingestion of spores (intestines)
  2. Blood
  3. Liver (Damage by liver flukes)
  4. Germination of the spores
  5. Toxin B production
  6. Blood (hemolysis)
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4
Q

What are the clinial signs of Bacillary Hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Arched back
  • Abdomen tucked up
  • Reluctant to move
  • Bloody feces
  • Hemoglobinuria
  • Lesions: Hemorrhages throughout, Large hepatic infarcts
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5
Q

How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria diagnosed?

A
  • Phospholipase C in liver
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6
Q

How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria treated?

A
  • Antiserum
  • Antibiotics (Penicillin or tetracylines)
  • Blood transfusions
  • Fluid therapy
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7
Q

How is Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Prevented?

A
  • Elimination of liver flukes through the destruction of carrier snails
  • Bacterins (in endemic areas)
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8
Q

What ae the types of Clostridium novyi?

A
  • Type A:
    • Gas gangrene - Sheep and Cattle
    • Big Head Disease - Rams
    • Post-parturient gas gangrene - Cattle
  • Type B:
    • Infectious necrotic hepatitis (Black disease) - Sheep and cattle
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9
Q

What is Gas Gangrene?

A
  • Polymicrobial infection:
    • C. novyi type A, C. perfringens type A, C. chauvoei, C. septicum, and C. sordellii
  • Mode of infection::
    • Wounds contaminated with soil
    • In procedures like injections, shearing, castration, dehorning
  • Big head disease in rams
  • Post-parturient gas gngrene in cows
    • Vulvo-vaginitis and Metritis
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10
Q

What is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disese)?

A
  • Casued by C. novyi Type B
  • Major Toxin is Alpha
  • Adult sheep and occasionally cattle
  • Ingestion of spores → Liver
  • Liver fluke damage leads to necrosis, spore germination, bacterial growth, toxin production
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?

A
  • Sudden death
  • Nonspecific signs - fever, anorexia,
  • No hemoglobinuria
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12
Q

What lesions are seen in Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis?

A
  • Necrotic areas in the liver
  • Hemorrhagic subcutaneous edema and congestion results in blackening of the carcs surface
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13
Q

How is Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis prevented?

A
  • Bacterin
  • Fluke control
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14
Q

What is Clostridium chauvoei?

A
  • Cause Black leg in cattle, sheep, and wild ruminants
  • Other names: Black quarter; Quarter Evil; Symptomatic Anthrax
  • Affects cattle between 6 mo - 2 years
  • Virulence fctors: CctA, Cytolysins, hyaluronidase, DNAse, Neuramindase, etc
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15
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Black Leg?

A
  1. Ingestion of spores
  2. Intestines
  3. blood
  4. Liver and Muscle Damage (anaerobioss)
  5. Germination of the spores
  6. Toxin productino (Alpha mainly)
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16
Q

What is Black Leg?

A
  • Common in muscles of one or more legs
  • Swelling of the affected area
  • Large amount of emphysema (gas) in musculature - Crepitation
  • Affected muscles may slough off
17
Q

How is Black Leg treated and controlled?

A
  • Penicillin or antitoxin
  • Control:
    • Deep burial or burning of carcass to limit soil contamination with spores
  • Bacerin Vaccine available
18
Q

What diseased does Clostridium septicum cause?

A
  • Gas Gangrene (Malignant Edema)
    • Wound infection in cttle, sheep, swine, and horses
  • Hemorrhagic abomasitis (Braxy) of weaned to yearling sheep
    • Abomasitis in calves: C. perfringens Type A; Sarcinia ventriculi
19
Q

What is Hemorrhagic Abomasitis?

A
  • Associated with frozen succulent feed
  • Penetrating wound to the abomasum with ulceration
  • Edema, hemorrhage, necrosi of the mucosa and submucosa
  • Sudden death. NO clinical signs
20
Q

How is Hemorrhagic Abomasitis Treated and prevented?

A
  • Penicillin, Tetracyclines, antiserum
  • Prevention: Bacterins
21
Q

What diseases does Clostridium sordellii cause?

A
  • Gas gangrene in cattle
  • Necrotic enteritis in cattle and foals
  • Edema is prominent
  • Bacterin Vaccine available
22
Q

What is Clostridium villosum?

A
  • Member of the oral flora of cats
  • Associatd with bite wund abscesses
  • Suppuratie infections
23
Q

What are Clostridial Vaccines?

A
  • Bacterins and/or Toxoids
  • Single vaccine usually covers multiple clostridial species
  • 2-8 species or types, including C. tetani, in a single vaccine
  • Booster dose required within 3-6 weeks for best protection
  • For necrotic eneritis, vaccination strategies target the pregnant dam so that immuity is tranffered to the neonate by colostrum
  • Tetanus toxoid is commonly used as a single vaccine in hoses
    • Oftn used in combo with other clostridial antigens in cattle, sheep and goats
24
Q

What is a multiway clostridial vaccine?

A
  • 2-8 species or types, including C. tetani, in a single vaccine
    • 2- way to 8-way vaccines
  • Ex: 7-way vaccine (Clostri Shield 7 - Elanco)
    • Prevention of:
      • Blackleg C. chauvoei
      • Malignant edema C. septicum
      • Black diesase C. novyi
      • Gas gangrene C. sordellii
      • Enterotoxemia C.perfringens Types B, C, D
25
Q

What is Clostridium sporongenes?

A
  • Causes “Polioencephalomalacia” Cerebrocortical necrosis
  • Grows in silage and in spoiled feed
  • Produces thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamin
26
Q

What is Polioencephalomalacia?

A
  • Acute thiamin deficiency
  • Affects CNS
  • Signs:
    • listlessness
    • circling
    • muscular incoordination
    • blindness
    • convulsion
    • death
  • Treatment:
    • Thiamin injections (IV/IM)
  • Also enterotoxemaia in rabbits