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Bacteriology and Mycology > Pseudomonas/Burkholderia/Aeromonas > Flashcards

Pseudomonas/Burkholderia/Aeromonas Flashcards

1
Q

What are Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Aeromonas?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rods
  • facultatively anaerobic
  • Oxidative metabolism and NON-fermentative (Oxidase positive)
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2
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Gram Negative
  • Rods
  • Facultatively Anaerobic
  • Oxidative metabolism and non-fermentative
  • Motile - polar flagella
  • Colonies have a fruity (grape) odor
  • Aminoacetophenone: a metabolite of tryptophan
  • Greenish/Blue pigment
    • Pyocyanin- Green/blue
    • Fluoroscein- Yellow/Green in UV light
  • Hemolytic
  • Habitat: Skin, mucous membrane, intestinal tract, feces, water, and soil
  • Metabolically versatile: can break down a variety of organic compounds
  • Low virulence
  • Opportunistic pathogen
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3
Q

What are the Antigenic Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Somatic O antigen: 17 types
  • Flagellar H antigen: 6 types
  • Not commonly serotyped
  • Bacteriocin typing: Pyocin
  • Bacteriophage typing
    • more important in humans
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4
Q

What are the modes of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Contamination of wound infections:
    • Hardware disease
    • Abrasion of eyes with sand
  • Oral
  • Inhalation
  • Injections and catheterizations
  • Into the teat of the mammary gland
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5
Q

What are the predisposing factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Defect in host defense mechanism
  • Debilitating and immuno-compromized patients
    • Major nosocomial pathogen in humans
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6
Q

What are the Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Exotoxins: A, S, T, U, V
  • Proteases: elastase
  • Hemolysins: Phospholipase
  • Pyocins: Peptide, bacteriocin with antibacterial activity
  • Endotoxin: weak
  • Pili: mediate attachment
  • Flagella: Facilitate invasion
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7
Q

How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
  • More toxin production = more virulent
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8
Q

How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
  • More toxin production = more virulent
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9
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
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10
Q

What are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections like?

A
  • Suppurative and necrotizing
  • Abscesses: local and generalized “blue/green pus”
  • Occasionally septicemia
  • Mortality is low
  • Persistent infection (antibiotic resistance)
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11
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in swine?

A
  • Necrotic pneumonia
  • Necrotic rhinitis
  • Necrotic enteritis
  • Abscesses
  • Urinary and genital tract infections
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12
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in Cattle?

A
  • Abscesses: Injection site
  • Enteritis
  • Mastitis
  • Pneumonia: ‘Foreign body’
  • Urinary and genital tract infections
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13
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Horses?

A
  • Genital tract infections: infertility
  • Corneal ulcerations: sand grains (racing)
  • Guttural pouch infection
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14
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in dogs and cats?

A
  • Otitis externa
  • Prostatitis
  • Cystitis
  • Dermatitis
  • Ophthalmitis
  • Post operative infections
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15
Q

What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Poultry

A
  • Septicemia: Pullorum-like
  • Respiratory infections
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16
Q

What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Minks and Chinchillas?

A
  • Hemorrhagic pneumonia:
    • highly contagious and fatal (up to 50%)
  • Mode of infection: inhalation
  • Lesions: hemorrhagic and necrotic areas in the lungs
17
Q

What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in humans?

A
  • Skin infections
  • Catheter site infections
  • Lung infections in Cystic fibrosis patients
18
Q

What are the control methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • No commercial vaccines
  • Autogenous bacterins may help
  • Antibiotics:
    • need AST
    • Gentmicin, Fuoroquinolone, B-lactam (Imipenam)
19
Q

What is Burkholderia mallei?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Rods - Pleomorphic in old cultures
  • Not Flagellated - Nonmotile
  • Obligate pathogen
  • Causes Glanders (Farcy)
    • Primarily in horses, humans, carnivores
  • Eradicated in NA, W. Europe
  • Prevalent in Asia, Africa, Middle East
    *
20
Q

What is he mode of infection for Burkholderia mallei?

A
  • Ingestion: feed/water
  • Direct contact with infected animal
  • Inhalation of infectious droplets
  • Occupational disease of Veterinarians: necropsy of infected animals
21
Q

What are the Virulence Factors of Burkholderia mallei?

A
  • No known toxins
  • Endotoxin? - gram negative
  • Delayed hypersensitivity?
  • Lesions resemble tuberculosis
22
Q

What species does Burkholderia mallei affect?

A
  • Horses, mules, donkeys, dogs, cats, goats, and humans
  • Sheep, swine, cattle and birds are resistant
23
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Burkholderia mallei?

A
  1. Entry through nasopharyngeal/intestinal mucosa
  2. Regional lymphatics
  3. blood
  4. Lungs and other organs
24
Q

What are the forms of Glanders Disease?

A
  • Cutaneous form: Farcy
    • Nodules from in lymphatics
      • break, form ulcers with thick discharge
  • Lung lesions: nodules or diffuse pneumonia
  • Nodules in the nasal passages:
    • thick purulent discharge
25
Q

How is Burkholderia mallei diagnosed?

A
  • Bacterial isolation
  • Straus reaction in guinea pigs
  • Mallein test: skin test
26
Q

What are the control measures for Burkholderia mallei?

A
  • No Vaccines
  • Early detection and quarantine
  • Early treatment: tetracyclines, streptomycin, sulfonamides
  • Slaughter of all animals
27
Q

What is Burkholderia pseudomallei?

(“Pseudomonas pseudomallei”)

A
  • Causes Meliodosis
  • Reported in cats, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, and cattle
  • Found in soil
  • Widely distributed in tropical regions
28
Q

What is the mode of infection of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

Pseudomonas pseudomallei

A
  • Rodents to man by insects and fleas
  • Trauma: war wounds
  • Ingestion of contaminated food and water
  • Inhalation
29
Q

What are the Virulence Factors of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

“Pseudomonas pseudomallei”

A
  • Endotoxin
  • Exotoxin: 2
    • Lethal and Necrotizing
    • Lethal only
  • Extracellular enzymes:
    • Protease, Lipase, Lecithinase, etc.
30
Q

What is Meliodosis?

A
  • Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
  • Reported in all animals and humans
  • Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
  • In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
31
Q

What is Meliodosis?

A
  • Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
  • Reported in all animals and humans
  • Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
  • In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
32
Q

What is Meliodosis?

A
  • Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
  • Reported in all animals and humans
  • Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
  • In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
33
Q

What is Aeromonas hydrophila?

A
  • Gram negative
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • Rods
  • Oxidase Positive
  • Habitat: Lakes/streams, sewage, soil, skin of fish, reptiles, and amphibians
  • Grows well at room temp
  • Pathogen of reptiles and amphibians
34
Q

What are the modes of infection of Aeromonas hydrophila?

A
  • direct contact
  • Ingestion
  • Opportunistic pathogen
35
Q

What are the Virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila?

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Leukocidin
  • Proteases
  • Enterotoxin
    • Heat labile cytotoxin
    • Heat stable cytotoxin
  • Pili
36
Q

What disease does Aeromonas hydrophila cause?

A
  • Fish: Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS)
  • Salamander: HS
  • Frogs: Red leg and HS
  • Snakes: Ulcerative stomatitis
  • Mice/Guinea pigs/ Rabbits: Diarrhea and HS

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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