Pseudomonas/Burkholderia/Aeromonas Flashcards
What are Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Aeromonas?
- Gram negative
- Rods
- facultatively anaerobic
- Oxidative metabolism and NON-fermentative (Oxidase positive)
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Gram Negative
- Rods
- Facultatively Anaerobic
- Oxidative metabolism and non-fermentative
- Motile - polar flagella
- Colonies have a fruity (grape) odor
- Aminoacetophenone: a metabolite of tryptophan
- Greenish/Blue pigment
- Pyocyanin- Green/blue
- Fluoroscein- Yellow/Green in UV light
- Hemolytic
- Habitat: Skin, mucous membrane, intestinal tract, feces, water, and soil
- Metabolically versatile: can break down a variety of organic compounds
- Low virulence
- Opportunistic pathogen
What are the Antigenic Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Somatic O antigen: 17 types
- Flagellar H antigen: 6 types
- Not commonly serotyped
- Bacteriocin typing: Pyocin
- Bacteriophage typing
- more important in humans
What are the modes of infection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Contamination of wound infections:
- Hardware disease
- Abrasion of eyes with sand
- Oral
- Inhalation
- Injections and catheterizations
- Into the teat of the mammary gland
What are the predisposing factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Defect in host defense mechanism
- Debilitating and immuno-compromized patients
- Major nosocomial pathogen in humans
What are the Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Exotoxins: A, S, T, U, V
- Proteases: elastase
- Hemolysins: Phospholipase
- Pyocins: Peptide, bacteriocin with antibacterial activity
- Endotoxin: weak
- Pili: mediate attachment
- Flagella: Facilitate invasion
How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
- More toxin production = more virulent
How Virulent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Clinical isolates are more virulent than isolates from environmental samples
- More toxin production = more virulent
What is the Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What are Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections like?
- Suppurative and necrotizing
- Abscesses: local and generalized “blue/green pus”
- Occasionally septicemia
- Mortality is low
- Persistent infection (antibiotic resistance)
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in swine?
- Necrotic pneumonia
- Necrotic rhinitis
- Necrotic enteritis
- Abscesses
- Urinary and genital tract infections
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in Cattle?
- Abscesses: Injection site
- Enteritis
- Mastitis
- Pneumonia: ‘Foreign body’
- Urinary and genital tract infections
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Horses?
- Genital tract infections: infertility
- Corneal ulcerations: sand grains (racing)
- Guttural pouch infection
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections cause in dogs and cats?
- Otitis externa
- Prostatitis
- Cystitis
- Dermatitis
- Ophthalmitis
- Post operative infections
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Poultry
- Septicemia: Pullorum-like
- Respiratory infections
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in Minks and Chinchillas?
- Hemorrhagic pneumonia:
- highly contagious and fatal (up to 50%)
- Mode of infection: inhalation
- Lesions: hemorrhagic and necrotic areas in the lungs
What does a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection cause in humans?
- Skin infections
- Catheter site infections
- Lung infections in Cystic fibrosis patients
What are the control methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- No commercial vaccines
- Autogenous bacterins may help
- Antibiotics:
- need AST
- Gentmicin, Fuoroquinolone, B-lactam (Imipenam)
What is Burkholderia mallei?
- Gram negative
- Rods - Pleomorphic in old cultures
- Not Flagellated - Nonmotile
- Obligate pathogen
- Causes Glanders (Farcy)
- Primarily in horses, humans, carnivores
- Eradicated in NA, W. Europe
- Prevalent in Asia, Africa, Middle East
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What is he mode of infection for Burkholderia mallei?
- Ingestion: feed/water
- Direct contact with infected animal
- Inhalation of infectious droplets
- Occupational disease of Veterinarians: necropsy of infected animals
What are the Virulence Factors of Burkholderia mallei?
- No known toxins
- Endotoxin? - gram negative
- Delayed hypersensitivity?
- Lesions resemble tuberculosis
What species does Burkholderia mallei affect?
- Horses, mules, donkeys, dogs, cats, goats, and humans
- Sheep, swine, cattle and birds are resistant
What is the pathogenesis of Burkholderia mallei?
- Entry through nasopharyngeal/intestinal mucosa
- Regional lymphatics
- blood
- Lungs and other organs
What are the forms of Glanders Disease?
-
Cutaneous form: Farcy
- Nodules from in lymphatics
- break, form ulcers with thick discharge
- Nodules from in lymphatics
- Lung lesions: nodules or diffuse pneumonia
-
Nodules in the nasal passages:
- thick purulent discharge
How is Burkholderia mallei diagnosed?
- Bacterial isolation
- Straus reaction in guinea pigs
- Mallein test: skin test
What are the control measures for Burkholderia mallei?
- No Vaccines
- Early detection and quarantine
- Early treatment: tetracyclines, streptomycin, sulfonamides
- Slaughter of all animals
What is Burkholderia pseudomallei?
(“Pseudomonas pseudomallei”)
- Causes Meliodosis
- Reported in cats, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, and cattle
- Found in soil
- Widely distributed in tropical regions
What is the mode of infection of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
- Rodents to man by insects and fleas
- Trauma: war wounds
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water
- Inhalation
What are the Virulence Factors of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
“Pseudomonas pseudomallei”
- Endotoxin
- Exotoxin: 2
- Lethal and Necrotizing
- Lethal only
- Extracellular enzymes:
- Protease, Lipase, Lecithinase, etc.
What is Meliodosis?
- Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
- Reported in all animals and humans
- Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
- In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
What is Meliodosis?
- Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
- Reported in all animals and humans
- Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
- In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
What is Meliodosis?
- Endemic disease in tropical and subtropical regions
- Reported in all animals and humans
- Infection gets disseminated and abscesses may develop in many organs, including lungs, spleen, liver, etc
- In horses, it mimics glanders, hence called Pseudoglanders
What is Aeromonas hydrophila?
- Gram negative
- Facultatively anaerobic
- Rods
- Oxidase Positive
- Habitat: Lakes/streams, sewage, soil, skin of fish, reptiles, and amphibians
- Grows well at room temp
- Pathogen of reptiles and amphibians
What are the modes of infection of Aeromonas hydrophila?
- direct contact
- Ingestion
- Opportunistic pathogen
What are the Virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila?
- Hemolysis
- Leukocidin
- Proteases
- Enterotoxin
- Heat labile cytotoxin
- Heat stable cytotoxin
- Pili
What disease does Aeromonas hydrophila cause?
- Fish: Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS)
- Salamander: HS
- Frogs: Red leg and HS
- Snakes: Ulcerative stomatitis
- Mice/Guinea pigs/ Rabbits: Diarrhea and HS
