Moraxella / Bordetella / Ornithobacterium Flashcards
What is the habitat of Moraxella bovis & M. bovoculi?
- Ocular membranes of cattle
- Nearly obligate parasite
What is the distribution of Moraxella bovis?
World wide
What are the predisposing factors for Moraxella spp?
- Dry, dusty, hot weather
- UV radiation
- IBR - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
- can cause conjunctivitis by itself, more severe in conjunction with Moraxella
- Pollen
- Vit A deficiency
- Other bacteria acting as secondary invaders in pink eye
- Truperella pyogenes, E. coli, P. multocida, Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp., Mycosplasma spp., Ureoplasma sp
- Nematodes - Thelazia
What is the morphology of Moraxella bovis?
- Gram negative, coccobacilli
- tend to be Gram-variable
- short rods in pairs - diplobacillus
- Aerobic
- Circular, smooth, moist colonies
- Somewhat flat
- Narrow zone of complete hemolysis
- some strains non-hemolytic
What are the antigenic factors of Moraxella bovis?
- One Serotype on somatic antigen
- 7 pilus antigen types
- 3 & 4 more common
What is the resistance and susceptibility of Moraxella bovis?
- Very susceptible to:
- antimicrobial agents
- Disinfectants
- Environmental conditions
- Nearly obligate parasite
What mediums does Moraxella bovis grow on?
- Grows well on Blood agar
- Does NOT grow on MacConkey
What are the mechanisms of pathogenicity of Moraxella bovis?
- Hemolysin
- RTX toxin, exotoxin
- Endotoxin
- Cytotoxin - to bovine neutrophils
- Hyaluronidase
- Capsule
- Pili (adhesin)
- 7 distinct types
- Iron-regulated proteins
What diseases does Moraxella bovis cause?
- Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink eye)
- infects conjunctiva, extends o cornea
- Clouding of cornea and possible ulcerations
- May result in permanent blindness
What disease does Moraxella ovis cause?
Pink eye in sheep
What is the nature of Moraxella bovis infections?
suppurtive
What is the morbidity / mortality of Moraxella bovis?
- Morbidity high (>80%)
- Mortality Low
- reduced weight gain
Does Moraxella bovis affect lab animals?
- Guinea pigs
- gerbils
- Hamsters
Is Moraxella bovis of public health concern?
- No
- Pink eye in humans caused by a virus
How do you control Moraxella bovis transmission?
- Control face flies
- Dark stalls, free from dust and flies
- vaccines-
- several
- piliated strains
How is a Moraxella bovis infection treated?
- Antibiotics
- Sulfas
- Steroids
- take care - can cause fungal infection
What is Moraxella bovoculi?
- Has been isolated from calves with IBK
- Frequently seen in cattle
- becoming significant pathogen
What is Moraxella ovis?
- Found in conjunctiva of sheep, horses, cattle
- Cases Kerato-conjunctivitis in sheep
Where is Moraxella caviae found?
- Oral cavity of healthy Guinea pigs
Where is Moraxella cuniculi found?
- Found in the respiratory tract of healthy rabbits
Where is Moraxella canis found?
- Respiratory tract of normal cats and dogs
How is Bordetella bronchiseptica transmitted?
- Direct contact - pigs
- Aerosol - dogs
- Endogenous infections
- Contaminated bedding
What is the habitat of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- Upper respiratory tract of swine, dogs, rabbits
- rarely Upper respiratory tract of horses, cats, guinea pigs, rats
What is the distribution of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
World Wide
What is the symbiotic relationship of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- In the dog
- Produces pneumonitis by itself
- Worse (maybe lethal) when combined with Infectious Canine Distemper virus
- In swine
- atrophic rhinitis
- combo with Serotype D Pasteurella multocida
- In rabbits
- Commonly complicated by Pasteurella multocida in Snuffles
What is the morphology of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- Gram negative cocco-bacilli
- Strict Aerobe
- Large, dull, smooth colonies
- Grows on Blood and MacConkey
What are the antigenic characteristics of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- 20 types (K, O antigens)
- cross-reactions with other Bordetella species
What is the resistance / susceptibility of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- NOT resistant to heat, drying, other environmental factors, or common disinfectants
- Susceptible to various antimicrobial agents
- May carry rug resistance factors (R-factors)
What are the mechanisms of pathogenicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- Endotoxins
- Exotoxin - Heat labile, antigenic 145KD
- dermo-necrotic in the Guinea pig
- Causes turbinate necrosis in atrophic rhinitis
- Hemolysin
- Pili
- Adenylate cyclase
- Phosphatase
- Siderophores
- Tracheal cytotoxins - toxic to ciliated cells
- Filamentous hemagglutinin (attachment)
- Pertactin (attachment)
- Osteotoxin - toxin to osteoblast
- Capsule
- Biofilms
- Tracheal colonization factor
What disease does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs?
- Pneumonia
- Kennel cough (primary / secondary)
What disease does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in Swine
- Pneumonia in young pigs
- Atrophic rhinitis
- Primary/Secondary with Type D P. multocida
What disease does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in rabbits?
- Snuffles
- primary / secondary with P. multocida
- Atrophic rhinitis
What diseases does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in guinea pigs, rats, cats, horses?
- mild upper respiratory infections
- usually not serious unless in lab animal colonies
What is the nature of a Bordetella bronchiseptica infection?
- Suppurative
- Necrotic
What is the the morbidity / mortality of Bordetella bronchiseptica?
- Morbidity high among swine
- entire herd either infected or carriers
- Mortality high in dogs with distemper
Is Bordetella bronchiseptica of public health concern?
- Whooping cough-like syndrome
- Many other conditions in humans
What diseases does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in humans?
- Bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Peritonitis
- Meningitis
- Septicemia
- Endocarditis
- Sinusitis
How can transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica be controlled?
- Toxoid - pigs
- Bacterins - dogs, pigs
- Vaccines - avirulent
- effective in dogs
- Depopulation & repopulation with SPF wsine
How is a Bordetella bronchiseptica infection treated?
- Sulfas in feed - swine
- Tetracyclines - dogs
What is the habitat of Bordetella avium?
- Fresh water
- Soil
- Respiratory tract of chickens nad turkys
What is the mode of transmission for Bordetella avium?
- Contaminated water
What is the distribution of Bordetella avium?
World-wide
What are the predisposing factors for a Bordetella avium infection?
- Stress
What is the morphology of Bordetella avium?
- Gram negative, rods to coccobacilli
- Aerobe
- Smooth and Moist colonies on BA
- Small and colorless colonies on Mac
What is the resistance and susceptibility of Bordetella avium?
- Conduct susceptibility testing with plasmids
- Resistant to environmental temperature
What are the mechanisms for pahtogenicity of Bordetella avium?
- Pili - attachment
- Dermonecrotic toxin (DNT)
- 155KD
- lethal to guinea pig, mouse, turkey polts and young chickens
- Tracheal cytotoxin
- Hemaglutinin - attachment
- Endotoxin
- Pertactin
- Osteotoxin
- Capsule
- Biofilms
What disease does Bordetella avium cause?
- Turkeys:
- Rhinotracheitis
- Turkey coryza
- Other avian species are also susceptible
What is Turkey Coryza?
- Highly contagious
- Oculonasal discharge
- Sneezing
- Dyspnea
- Tracheal ring collapse
- Destruction of tracheal epithelium
- Stress is very important
What is the nature of Bordetella avium infections?
- Suppurative
- Necrotic
What is the morbidity / mortality of Bordetella avium infections?
- Both may be high in turkeys
Is Bordetella avium of public health concern?
None
What are the control measures for Bordetella avium?
- Vaccine - Live avirulent strain
- place in drinking water
- Plasmid-less temperature sensitive mutant
What is the treatment for Bordetella avium?
- Mass treatment
What is the morphology of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
- Gram negative, pleomorphic rods
- Facultative
- Slow grower on Blood agar
What species does Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale affect?
- Avian species
- Turkeys, chickens, others
What is the distribution of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
- US
- Africa
- Europe
What are the signs of a Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection?
- Purulent pneumonia
- Airsacculitis
- Nasal discharge
- Cough
- Decreased egg production
- Arthritis
What are the serotypes of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
- 7 serotypes
- A - G
- A is predminant
What is the mortality of Ornithobacterium rhinotrachealei infections?
- As high as 10 %
What are the control measures for Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale?
- Chlortetracycline in feed
