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Bacteriology and Mycology > Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium/Taylorella > Flashcards

Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium/Taylorella Flashcards

1
Q

What are the orgranisms and what diseases do they cause?

A
  • Glaesserella parasuis - Disease in swine
  • Avibacterium paragallinanum - Disease in poultry
  • Histophilus somni - Diseases in Cattle, Sheep
  • H. haemoglobinophilus - UTI in Dogs
  • H. felis - rhiniti, conjunctivitis
  • H. piscuim - ulcers in trouts
  • H. paracuniculus - mucoid enteritis in rabbits
  • H. aegypticus - meningoencephalitis in sheep
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2
Q

What is the habitat of these bacteria?

Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Urogenital Tract
  • Do NOT live out of the animal body for a very long time
    • all species are susceptible to environmetal influences
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3
Q

How are these bacteria transmitted?

​Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Droplet inhalation
  • Sexual activity
  • Diseased to healthy
  • Carrier animals
  • Endogenous
    • Stress
    • Commensals
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4
Q

What is the distribution of these bacteria?

​Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Worldwide for all species
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5
Q

What are the symbiotic relationships of these bacteria?

​Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Some are outright pathogens, other require/prefer participation of another agent to produce the over disease condition
    • G. parasuis:
      • ​May require swine influenza virus to produce diseae
      • Complicate the disease enzootic pig pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
    • H. Somni:
      • ​May require a stressing agent
      • Most ommonly associated wwith Ivfectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, or Mannhemimia haemolytia
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6
Q

What is the morphology of most of these species?

​Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Gram-Negative
  • Pleomorphic rods
  • Facultative
  • Tiny,circular, smooth, moist
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7
Q

What is special about the morphology of H. somni?

A
  • Has a yellow pigment that is not evident on blood agar
    • Can be seen on Chocolate agar
    • can be seen if collected from blood agar with a clean cotton swab
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8
Q

How do these bacteria grow?

​Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Grow better on Chocolate agar
  • Some species require X (hemin) or V (NAD or DPN) growth factors
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9
Q

What is the satellite phenomenon?

A
  • Bacterial colonies satellite near feeder colony
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10
Q

How do you prepare a medium for growth for these bacterial species?

Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium

A
  • Make sure X or V growth factor is supplied
  • Chocolate agar
    • If fresh blood is not sused, add V factor
  • Commercial supplements are also available
  • All spp will grow on blood agar if supplied a growth factor by using feeder colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
    • ​Colonies will follow Satellite phenomenon
  • X factor is heat stable
  • V factor is heat labile
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11
Q

What are the Antigenic Characteristics of H. somni?

A
  • Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
  • 15 serotypes
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12
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of G. parasuis?

A
  • Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
  • 15 serotypes
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13
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of A. paragallinarum?

A
  • Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
  • 9 serotypes
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14
Q

What is the susceptability of these species?

Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium?

A
  • All are susceptible to environmental influences
  • All are essentially obligate parasites
    • Do not live for long out of the animal body
  • CNS infections (H. somni) are difficult to treat due to the nature of the lesions
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15
Q

What mechanisms effect the pathogenicity of these bacteria?

Glaesserella / Histophilus / Avibcterium

A
  • Endotoxin
  • Siderophores
  • Capsule
  • Adhesins
  • Stress
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16
Q

What disease is caused by Glasserella parasuis?

A
  • Glasser’s Disease in young pigs
    • Polyserositis - fibrinous inflammation of the serous membranes (meninges, pleura, peritoneum, synovial membranes, pericardium, tendon sheaths)
    • CNS involvement leads to paralysis and tremors
  • Chronic arthritis and pneumonia in older pigs
  • SPF pigs are more susceptible
  • Complicates Swine flu-virus
  • Complicates enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
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17
Q

What disease does Aviobacterium paragallinarum cause?

A
  • Infectious Coryza (poultry - all ages)
    • affects the respiratory tract
    • Symptoms:
      • sinusitis
      • Edema of the face
      • Nasal discharge
  • Complicated by Mycoplasma
  • Recovered birds may shed the organism
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18
Q

What disease does Histophilus haemoglobinophilus (H. canis) cause?

A
  • In the prepuce of male dogs
    • can cause mild infections at times
  • May cause mild vaginitis or cystitis in female dogs
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19
Q

What disease does Histophilus somni cause in lambs?

A
  • Septicemia
  • Hemorrhagic muscle lesions
  • arthritis
  • meningitis
  • pneumonia
  • mastitis
20
Q

What disease does Histophilus somni cause in cattle?

A
  • TEME - Thrombo-embolic Meningo-encephalitis
  • Genital tract infections
  • Arthritis
  • Pneumonia
  • Myocarditis
  • Septicemia
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Otitis
  • Abortion
21
Q

What is TEME?

A
  • Trhombo-embolic meningo-encephalitis
  • “Sleepers”
  • Causes:
    • Vasculitis ⇢ thrombosis ⇢ emboli ⇢ infarcts ⇢ necrosis ⇢death
  • Pathogenesis:
    • LPS causes vasculitis of the blood vessels of the brain, leading to thrombosis of the vessels, followed by emboli which block additional vessel and lead to the development of infarcts, necrosis and death of brain tissue. Lesions may be in any location in the brain. The more critical the location, the more severe the clinical signs
22
Q

What is the nature of diseases produced by Haemophilus spp ?

A
  • suppurative
  • morbidity and mortality may be high or low
23
Q

Are any of the Haemophilus spp of public health significance?

A

no

24
Q

How are Haemophilus spp controlled?

A
  • Good management practices
  • Treatment with antimicribials
  • Bacterins/Vaccines
    • H. somni - may help
    • A. paragallinarum - A, B, C serogroups
    • G. parasuis - modified live vaccine
25
Q

How do you diagnose any of the Haemophilus spp?

A
  • PCR
26
Q

What is Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus?

A
  • Commensal in dogs
  • Causes vaginitis, cystitis
27
Q

What is Haemophilus piscium?

A
  • Trout
  • Ulcers in the gills and mouth
28
Q

What is Haemophilus felis?

A
  • Cats
  • respiratory disease
  • conjunctivitis
29
Q

What is Haemophilusparacuniculus?

A
  • rabbits
  • Mucoid enteritis
30
Q

What is Haemophilus aegypticus?

A
  • Sheep
  • meningoencephalitis
31
Q

What is Histophilus ovis?

A
  • Sheep
  • Bronchopneumoniae
32
Q

What is the habitat of Taylorella equigenitalis?

A

horse genital tract

33
Q

How is Taylorella equigenitalis transmitted?

A
  • Venereal
  • Fomites
34
Q

What is the morphology of Taylorella equigenitalis?

A
  • Gram-negative rods
  • Facultative
  • Butryous or buttery
35
Q

Where should samples to test for Taylorella equigenitalis be collected from?

A
  • Mare
    • Urethra
    • Clitoral fossa or sinus
  • Stallion
    • Sheath
    • Urethra fossa
  • Submit is suitable medium to prevent dessication
36
Q

What are the differential characteristics of Taylorella equigenitalis?

A
  • Mucopurulent discharge
  • CF
  • Agglutination
  • FA
  • Culture
  • PCR
37
Q

What are the mechanisms of pathogenicity of Taylorella equigenitalis?

A
  • Edotoxin
  • Capsule
38
Q

What is the nature of Taylorella equigenitalis infections?

A
  • suppurative
39
Q

What disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?

A
  • Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
    • Acute
    • Highly contagious
    • Incubation 2-14 days
    • Metritis and cervicitis with thick purulent discharge from the vagina
    • Abortion in the first 60 days of pregnacy
    • No clinical signs in stallion
      • serologically negative
    • If Chronic mucosal surface swollen
40
Q

What is the morbidity of CEM?

A
  • High morbidity
  • Mortality not observed
41
Q

Is Taylorella equigenitalis a public health concern?

A

NO

42
Q

How is the spread of Taylorella equigenitalis controlled?

A
  • Do not use stallions that are suspected carriers
  • Do not breed suspected mares with un-infected stallions
  • Bacterins
    • reduce severity does not prevet
43
Q

How is Taylorella equigenitalis treated?

A
  • Ampicillin
  • Penicillin
44
Q

Is Taylorella equigenitalis reportable?

A
  • Yes
  • Contact state and/or Federal Veterinarian
45
Q

How is Taylorella equigenitalis diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs - discharge
  • Lab
    • ID, Biochemical
    • Serological - agglutination -
      • Simple and rapid
    • ELISA
    • CF
    • PCR
46
Q

What samples are needed for a Taylorella equigenitalis diagnosis?

A
  • Swabs from:
    • Cervix
    • Urethra
    • Clitoral fossa
    • Clitoral sinus
    • penile sheath
    • any discharge
  • Transport in Amies or Stuart frozen or refrigerated

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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