Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium/Taylorella Flashcards
What are the orgranisms and what diseases do they cause?
- Glaesserella parasuis - Disease in swine
- Avibacterium paragallinanum - Disease in poultry
- Histophilus somni - Diseases in Cattle, Sheep
- H. haemoglobinophilus - UTI in Dogs
- H. felis - rhiniti, conjunctivitis
- H. piscuim - ulcers in trouts
- H. paracuniculus - mucoid enteritis in rabbits
- H. aegypticus - meningoencephalitis in sheep
What is the habitat of these bacteria?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Upper respiratory tract
- Urogenital Tract
- Do NOT live out of the animal body for a very long time
- all species are susceptible to environmetal influences
How are these bacteria transmitted?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Direct Contact
- Droplet inhalation
- Sexual activity
- Diseased to healthy
- Carrier animals
- Endogenous
- Stress
- Commensals
What is the distribution of these bacteria?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Worldwide for all species
What are the symbiotic relationships of these bacteria?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Some are outright pathogens, other require/prefer participation of another agent to produce the over disease condition
-
G. parasuis:
- May require swine influenza virus to produce diseae
- Complicate the disease enzootic pig pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
-
H. Somni:
- May require a stressing agent
- Most ommonly associated wwith Ivfectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, or Mannhemimia haemolytia
-
G. parasuis:
What is the morphology of most of these species?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Gram-Negative
- Pleomorphic rods
- Facultative
- Tiny,circular, smooth, moist
What is special about the morphology of H. somni?
- Has a yellow pigment that is not evident on blood agar
- Can be seen on Chocolate agar
- can be seen if collected from blood agar with a clean cotton swab
How do these bacteria grow?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Grow better on Chocolate agar
- Some species require X (hemin) or V (NAD or DPN) growth factors
What is the satellite phenomenon?
- Bacterial colonies satellite near feeder colony
How do you prepare a medium for growth for these bacterial species?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium
- Make sure X or V growth factor is supplied
- Chocolate agar
- If fresh blood is not sused, add V factor
- Commercial supplements are also available
- All spp will grow on blood agar if supplied a growth factor by using feeder colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
- Colonies will follow Satellite phenomenon
- X factor is heat stable
- V factor is heat labile
What are the Antigenic Characteristics of H. somni?
- Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
- 15 serotypes
What are the antigenic characteristics of G. parasuis?
- Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
- 15 serotypes
What are the antigenic characteristics of A. paragallinarum?
- Heat stable antigen-endotoxin
- 9 serotypes
What is the susceptability of these species?
Glaesserella/Histophilus/Avibacterium?
- All are susceptible to environmental influences
- All are essentially obligate parasites
- Do not live for long out of the animal body
- CNS infections (H. somni) are difficult to treat due to the nature of the lesions
What mechanisms effect the pathogenicity of these bacteria?
Glaesserella / Histophilus / Avibcterium
- Endotoxin
- Siderophores
- Capsule
- Adhesins
- Stress
What disease is caused by Glasserella parasuis?
-
Glasser’s Disease in young pigs
- Polyserositis - fibrinous inflammation of the serous membranes (meninges, pleura, peritoneum, synovial membranes, pericardium, tendon sheaths)
- CNS involvement leads to paralysis and tremors
- Chronic arthritis and pneumonia in older pigs
- SPF pigs are more susceptible
- Complicates Swine flu-virus
- Complicates enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
What disease does Aviobacterium paragallinarum cause?
-
Infectious Coryza (poultry - all ages)
- affects the respiratory tract
- Symptoms:
- sinusitis
- Edema of the face
- Nasal discharge
- Complicated by Mycoplasma
- Recovered birds may shed the organism
What disease does Histophilus haemoglobinophilus (H. canis) cause?
- In the prepuce of male dogs
- can cause mild infections at times
- May cause mild vaginitis or cystitis in female dogs
What disease does Histophilus somni cause in lambs?
- Septicemia
- Hemorrhagic muscle lesions
- arthritis
- meningitis
- pneumonia
- mastitis
What disease does Histophilus somni cause in cattle?
- TEME - Thrombo-embolic Meningo-encephalitis
- Genital tract infections
- Arthritis
- Pneumonia
- Myocarditis
- Septicemia
- Conjunctivitis
- Laryngitis
- Otitis
- Abortion
What is TEME?
- Trhombo-embolic meningo-encephalitis
- “Sleepers”
- Causes:
- Vasculitis ⇢ thrombosis ⇢ emboli ⇢ infarcts ⇢ necrosis ⇢death
- Pathogenesis:
- LPS causes vasculitis of the blood vessels of the brain, leading to thrombosis of the vessels, followed by emboli which block additional vessel and lead to the development of infarcts, necrosis and death of brain tissue. Lesions may be in any location in the brain. The more critical the location, the more severe the clinical signs
What is the nature of diseases produced by Haemophilus spp ?
- suppurative
- morbidity and mortality may be high or low
Are any of the Haemophilus spp of public health significance?
no
How are Haemophilus spp controlled?
- Good management practices
- Treatment with antimicribials
- Bacterins/Vaccines
- H. somni - may help
- A. paragallinarum - A, B, C serogroups
- G. parasuis - modified live vaccine
How do you diagnose any of the Haemophilus spp?
- PCR
What is Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus?
- Commensal in dogs
- Causes vaginitis, cystitis
What is Haemophilus piscium?
- Trout
- Ulcers in the gills and mouth
What is Haemophilus felis?
- Cats
- respiratory disease
- conjunctivitis
What is Haemophilusparacuniculus?
- rabbits
- Mucoid enteritis
What is Haemophilus aegypticus?
- Sheep
- meningoencephalitis
What is Histophilus ovis?
- Sheep
- Bronchopneumoniae
What is the habitat of Taylorella equigenitalis?
horse genital tract
How is Taylorella equigenitalis transmitted?
- Venereal
- Fomites
What is the morphology of Taylorella equigenitalis?
- Gram-negative rods
- Facultative
- Butryous or buttery
Where should samples to test for Taylorella equigenitalis be collected from?
- Mare
- Urethra
- Clitoral fossa or sinus
- Stallion
- Sheath
- Urethra fossa
- Submit is suitable medium to prevent dessication
What are the differential characteristics of Taylorella equigenitalis?
- Mucopurulent discharge
- CF
- Agglutination
- FA
- Culture
- PCR
What are the mechanisms of pathogenicity of Taylorella equigenitalis?
- Edotoxin
- Capsule
What is the nature of Taylorella equigenitalis infections?
- suppurative
What disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?
- Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- Acute
- Highly contagious
- Incubation 2-14 days
- Metritis and cervicitis with thick purulent discharge from the vagina
- Abortion in the first 60 days of pregnacy
- No clinical signs in stallion
- serologically negative
- If Chronic mucosal surface swollen
What is the morbidity of CEM?
- High morbidity
- Mortality not observed
Is Taylorella equigenitalis a public health concern?
NO
How is the spread of Taylorella equigenitalis controlled?
- Do not use stallions that are suspected carriers
- Do not breed suspected mares with un-infected stallions
- Bacterins
- reduce severity does not prevet
How is Taylorella equigenitalis treated?
- Ampicillin
- Penicillin
Is Taylorella equigenitalis reportable?
- Yes
- Contact state and/or Federal Veterinarian
How is Taylorella equigenitalis diagnosed?
- Clinical signs - discharge
- Lab
- ID, Biochemical
- Serological - agglutination -
- Simple and rapid
- ELISA
- CF
- PCR
What samples are needed for a Taylorella equigenitalis diagnosis?
- Swabs from:
- Cervix
- Urethra
- Clitoral fossa
- Clitoral sinus
- penile sheath
- any discharge
- Transport in Amies or Stuart frozen or refrigerated
