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Bacteriology and Mycology > Erysipelothrix/Listeria > Flashcards

Erysipelothrix/Listeria Flashcards

1
Q

What is Erysipelothrix?

A
  • E. rhusiopathiae: Pathogenic
    • ​Swine: Erysipelas
    • Sheep & Cattle: Polyarthritis
    • Chicken and Turkeys: Skin infections
    • Humans: Skin infections, Erysipeloid; zoonotic pathogen
  • E. tonsillarum: Nonpathogenic
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2
Q

What is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Gram positive - May appear Gram negative
  • Nonspore forming
  • Facultatively anaerobic slender rods
  • Alpha hemolysis
  • H2S production along stab line of TSI Agar
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3
Q

What is the habitat of E. rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Prmary reservoir is swine
  • Present in sewage or ground contaminated with feces
  • Common on fish skin
  • Does not survive too long in the environment
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4
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Peptidoglycan: Heat stable
  • 26 serovars
  • Serovars 1 & 2
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5
Q

What is the mode of infection of E. rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Skin: scratches and wounds
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6
Q

What are the Virulence factors of E. rhusiopathiae?

A
  • Capsule: Acidic polysaccharide
  • Surface proteins: Adhesins
  • Hyaluronidase: Spreading factor
  • Neuraminidase
  • Type III hypersensitivity: Arthritis
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7
Q

What is Neuraminidase?

A
  • Cleaves sialic aci on the cell surface, which leads to vascular damage and thrombus formation
    • Responsible for skin lesions
  • Amount of enzyme produced correlates with virulence
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8
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A
  • Pigs between 3 months to 3 years are most susceptble
  • 3 Forms:
    • Acute, Subacute and Chronic
  • Acute: Septicemic
    • Sudden onset, high fever, rapid course, high mortality
  • Subacute: Milder
  • Skin lesions: Diamond shaped
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9
Q

What do the skin lesions of Erysipeals look like?

A
  • Appear on days 2 - 3
  • Disappear on days 4 - 7
  • Intensity of the lesions:
    • Light pink to purplish lesions - recover
    • Dark purplish to red - Death
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10
Q

What is the chronic form of Erysipelas result in?

A
  • Polyarthritis
    • Resembles rheumatoid arthritis in humans
  • Endocarditis
    • Valvular lesions resulting from bacterial emboli
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11
Q

Does Erysipelas affect other animals?

A
  • Sheep & Cattle - Polyarthritis
  • Turkeys
    • Males more often than females
    • skin injuries
    • Hemorrhagic lesions
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12
Q

How is Erysipelas diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs:
    • Fever, arthritis, and skin lesions
  • Bacteriologicl examination
  • Recovery within 24 - 36 hours with penicillin
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13
Q

How is Erysipelas treated and prevented?

A
  • Penicillin, Tetracyclines, Lincosamides, and Tylosines
  • Bacterin or modified live vaccine
  • Vaccinated breeding stock to transfer protection to piglets
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14
Q

What is Erysipeloid?

A
  • Erysipelas in Humans
  • 3 forms:
    • Localized Cutaneous
    • Generalized Cutaneous
    • Septicemic
  • Occupational disease - “Fish Handler’s Disease”
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15
Q

What is Listeria?

A
  • 8 species:
    • L. monocytogenes
    • L. ivanovii
  • Disease is called “Listeriosis”
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16
Q

What is Listeriosis?

A
  • Primarily a disease of cattle, sheep, and goats
  • CNS infection, Septicemia, abortion, and mastitis
  • Food borne infection that causes high mortality
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17
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Gram positive rods
  • Nonspore forming
  • Motile - umbrella motility
  • Hemolytic
  • Positive CAMP reaction
  • More pathogenic
  • CNS infection
  • Disease in animals and humans
    • Food borne pathogen
    • Psychrophilic - can grow in the refrigerator
18
Q

What is Listeria ivanovii?

A
  • Less pathogenic
  • No CNS infection
  • Disease only in cattle
19
Q

What are the antigenic characteristics of Listeria?

A
  • 13 serotypes
  • Serotypes:
    • 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b, 3 - Animals
    • 4b, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c - Humans (95%)
  • Somatic (peptidoglycan) and Flagellar antigens
20
Q

What is the habitat of Listeria?

A
  • Widely distributed
  • Feces
  • Tissues - Tonsils and lymph nodes
  • Soil, Water, and vegetation
  • Hardy and persistent
21
Q

What is the mode of infection of Listeria?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Silage (pH > 5.0) is the most common source in dairy cattle
  • Inhallation or through broken skin is possible (soil)
  • Direct entry into the conjunctiva
22
Q

What are the virulence factors of Listeria?

A
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
  • Internalin:
    • Membrane associated protein is responsible for internalization
  • Listeriolysin (LLO)
    • Hemolysin
  • Phospholipase C
    • ​Allows escape from the phagosome
  • Act A
    • ​Polymerization of actin molecules
23
Q

What is Listeriosis in Ruminants?

A
  • Infrequent but a serious disease
  • Four Forms:
    • CNS infection
    • Abortion
    • Septicemia or visceral
    • Mastitis
    • Rarely, Gastroenteritis, Keratoconjunctivitis
24
Q

What is the CNS Form of Listeriosis in Ruminants?

A
  • Incubation period: 3 - 4 weeks
  • Meningoencephalitis (adult)
  • Meningitis (preruminant calves)
  • Circuling disease
  • Common in winter or early spring (silage)
25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CNS Listeriosis in Ruminants?

A
  • Poorly understood
  • No septicemia
  • Bacteria travel through nerves
  • Trigeminal nerve from the oral cavity
26
Q

What are the Clinical Signs of the CNS Form of Listeriosis in Ruminants?

A
  • Depression
  • Drooping ears
  • animal holds the head to one side (torticollis)
  • Protrusion of the tongue
  • Salivation
  • paralysis of the facia muscls
  • strabismus (cross eyed)
  • “Circling disease”
  • Progresses to complete paralysis
  • Death in 2 - 3 days
27
Q

What are the CNS lesions of Listeriosis in Goats?

A
  • No gross lesions
  • May be:
    • Congested meninges
    • Cloudy CSF
    • Discolored brain stem
  • PMN and mononuclear cell infiltration
  • Perivascula cuffing
28
Q

What is the Abortion form of Listeriosis?

A
  • Late in gestation
  • Sporadc in cows
  • Outbreaks more common in sheep and goats
  • Placentitis
  • No other signs
29
Q

What is the Septicemic or Visceral Form of Listeriosis?

A
  • More common in the young ruminant and in monogastrics (any age)
  • Clinical Signs:
    • Depression
    • Dyspnea
    • Salivation
    • Nasal discharge
    • Lacrimation
  • Lesions
    • Focal necrosis of Liver, Spleen, and Lymph nodes
30
Q

What is Mastitis?

A
  • Source: Feces
  • Subclinical to clinical
  • Suppurative infection
  • Listeria in milk
31
Q

What are the other forms of Listeriosis?

A
  • Gastroenteritis with diarrhea
    • sometimes with blood
  • Keratconjunctivitis - Direct entry
32
Q

What is Listeriosis in Monogastrics?

A
  • Rare in Horses, pigs, dogs, and cats
  • Septicemic form with or without encephalitis the most common
  • Horses: Keratitis or enteritis
  • Chickens: Encephalitis
33
Q

What is Listeriosis in Humans?

A
  • Zoonotic pathogen - rarely by direct contact
  • Food borne pathogen:
    • Milk (unpasteurized)
    • Milk products
    • Cold meat cuts
  • Contaminations happens more often in food processing and food preparing facilities (hardy organism)
  • 2,500 cases a year
  • 500 deaths per year
  • Causes abortion in pregnant women
  • Meningitis in immune compromised adults
34
Q

How is Listeriosis diagnosed?

A
  • History: silage feeding
  • Clinical Signs: neurological
  • Lesions: Perivascular cuffing
  • Cultural examination: Brain, blood, milk, placenta, and fetus
    • Enrichment is needed to isolate from brain
  • PCR and immunohistochemistry are preferred method of diagnosis
35
Q

What is the treatment for Listeriosis?

A
  • Cattle and sheep are NOT treated
    • Cost of therapy
    • Could become sublinical
  • Penicillin is the drug of choice
    • Tetracyclines
    • Macrolides
  • Vaccine: None in the US
    • Live attenuated - used in Europe and Australia
36
Q

How is Listeriosis Controlled?

A
  • Not feeding spoiled silage
  • Isolation of sick animals
  • Quick disposal of dead animals
  • Disposal of dead animals
  • Thorough cleaning of the barn after an outbreak
37
Q

What is Listeria ivanovii?

A
  • Gram Positive rods
  • Non spore forming
  • Also hymolytic
  • Causes abortion in sheep
  • Rarely causes human infection
38
Q

What are the top 5 pathogens causing Food Borne Illnesses?

A
  1. Noro virus
  2. Salmonella
  3. Clostridium perfringens
  4. Campylobacter sp.
  5. Staphylococcus aureus
39
Q

What are the top 5 pathogens causing food borne illnesses resulting in hospitalization?

A
  1. salmonella
  2. Noro Virus
  3. Campylobacter sp
  4. Toxoplsma gondii
  5. E. coli O157
40
Q

What are the top 5 pathogens causing food borne illnesses resulting in death?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. TOxoplasa gondii
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
  4. Noro virus
  5. Camplylobacter

Bacteriology and Mycology (35 decks)

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